Parent training programs are considered as one of the prongs of treating children with ADHD. Numerous research studies have established its efficacy and effectiveness for the management of the disruptive child in the home. There are many way to conduct PT programs for children with ADHD. Arthur Anastopoulos in ''Counseling and Training Parents'' in Barkley (2006) established an eight- to twelve-session program that can be used for training and consists of the following ten steps:

1. Program overview. The parents are given an orientation to ADHD, its causes, risks, and effective and ineffective treatments.

2. Understanding parent-child relations. Parents are taught about causes of child's disruptive behavior and the principles of behavior management.

3. Improving positive attending skills. Parents are taught the power of positive attending in human relationships and assigned to practice with catching the ''child being good.''

4. Extending positive attending skills and improving child compliance. Parents are taught to give effective commands and increase parent monitoring.

5. Establishing a home token/point system. Parents are shown how to create a token system, setting the system up for 8 weeks.

6. Adding response cost. Parents introduce fines for misbehavior.

7. Using time out. Parents learn how to use time out.

8. Managing behavior in public places. Parents are taught to discuss public places and set up three rules and establish incentives and penalties.

9. School issues and preparing for termination. Parents are taught the nature of school behavior problems and are assigned to meet with teacher.

10. Booster session. Parents are given encouragement on how to continue what they have learned in the training.

Several community-based programs for parent training have been designed. Barkley (2006) established a model called Community Parent Education Program (COPE). The workshops are an integration of principles, techniques, and goals of social-learning-based parenting programs, social-cognitive psychology, family systems theory, and models for larger support groups.

Bibliography:

Barkley, Russell. 2006. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press.

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