Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and ADHD are associated in that many children with FXS also have ADHD. FXS is the most common form of mental retardation and is so called because of the mutation or defect on the X chromosome. Children with FXS usually look much more like each other than their families. They may have a characteristic long face pattern, tooth and jaw misalignment, certain muscle and skeletal abnormalities, and autism. The children often appear normal in infancy but develop typical physical characteristics during their lifetime. They also may have puffy eyes, flat feet, and a hollow chest and be double-jointed. The symptoms do not appear as pronounced in females as males. Because of advances in science and genetic testing, the number of children diagnosed with Fragile X has increased over the last decade. A simple test is available to see if the woman is a carrier of the mutated gene.

The most prevalent behavior of children with Fragile X are attention problems and hyperactivity, similar to those of ADHD. The attention deficit and hyperactivity is frequently treated with medication, generally central nervous system stimulants such as Ritalin or Dexedrine. However, children with FXS appear to have more specific side effects, which include irritability and poor appetite. Amantidine has been especially successful in treating hyperactivity and attention difficulties in children with low IQs. Also children with FXR and ADHD may benefit from a tricyclic antidepressant or major tranquilizer. Some times they experience mood swings and temper tantrums and may need lithium or fluoxetine (Prozac).

A 2008 study showed that L-acetyl carnitine (LAC), a variety of amino acid, may have promise in reducing hyperactive behavior in FXS boys with ADHD. M. Guulia Torrioli and a team in Rome, Italy studied 51 boys between the ages of 6 and 12 with both FXS and ADHD. Subjects had reduced hyperactive behavior and better attention, including no side effects. Patients receiving LAC also increased their sociability.

Children with FXS and ADHD often react strongly to changes in environment, which may increase behavioral difficulties. Because of the hypersensitivity to the environment, they have difficulty screening out light, noise, colors, and odors. FXS is similar to autism in that children may flap their arms, bite their hands, and respond negatively to being touched. However, one difference is that they may be friendly and sociable.

Early intervention is essential in helping children with FXS become integrated into society. Treatment should be tailored to meet each child's specific needs.

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