Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that is associated with an increased risk for ADHD. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes; females have two X chromosomes, and males have an X chromosome and a Y chromosome.

Klinefelter syndrome results when males have at least one extra X chromosome (XXY). The syndrome occurs in about 1 in 1,000 males. The presence of the extra chromosome may cause some males to have some usual attributes: sparse body hair, enlarged breasts, and wide hips. The testicles may be small, and the voice may not be deep. They usually cannot father children. A degree of subnormal intelligence appears in some individuals; however, others appear normal and have no obvious symptoms. In this rare genetic disorder, some individuals may experience learning, behavior, and social problems.

The condition can be detected through a genetic test and treated with testosterone, the male hormone. Speech therapy and educational support can help those boys who have language, learning, or behavioral problems.

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