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▪ American Literature ▪ Argumentative Topics Antisemitism Biodiversity Biotechnology Corporate Social Responsibility Creationism Drug Abuse Control Ebonics Economic Globalization Foreign Aid Freedom of Speech Global Culture Hate Speech Legalization of Drugs The Right to Die Whistleblowing Working Women ▪ Art ▪ British Literature ▪ Business ▪ Case Studies ▪ Communication & Media ▪ Computer Technologies ▪ Culture ▪ Economics ▪ Education ▪ Environmental Issues ▪ Finance ▪ Geography ▪ Health ▪ History ▪ Internet ▪ Media ▪ Politics ▪ Psychology ▪ Sociology ▪ Technology ▪ World Literature ▪  Whistleblowers ▪  Changing Roles of Women in American Society ▪  Free Speech Regulation ▪  The Economic Dimension of Globalization ▪  The Early Iron Age ▪  Early Textile Production ▪  Drugs Legalization Debate ▪  Social Responsibility and the Corporation ▪  Modern Biotechnology ▪  The Purpose of Genetic Engineering ▪  Controversy over Stem Cell Research ▪  Medical and Surgical Education in the Developing World ▪  The Decline of Leisure ▪  Health Psychology: Stress and Breast Cancer ▪  Cocaine Addiction ▪  Depression and Suicide in Adolescence ▪  Alfred Kinsey's Works on Sexual Behavior ▪  Art and Authenticity ▪  Robert Burns ▪  John Milton's Christian Doctrine ▪  Euthanasia ▪  Labeling Theory ▪  All Quiet on the Western Front ▪  Drug Abuse ▪  Joan of Arc ▪  Jack London ▪  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ▪  Washington Irving ▪  Frederick Douglass ▪  Fertile Crescent ▪  Business and Politics ▪  Economics and Natural Resources ▪  Freedom of Competition ▪  Keynesian Economics ▪  Precapitalist Economics ▪  Stone Age Art ▪  Carolingian Art ▪  United States Containment Policy ▪  Politics and Media ▪  Environment and Health ▪  American Education Reform ▪  Nonverbal Communication ▪  Affirmative Action Argumentative Topics ▪   Antisemitism Antisemitism in History The perception of Jews as forces of darkness in the most fearsome and tangible sense was especially conducive to the expulsions and brutalities that mark late medieval Jewish history, but the belief that Jewish alienness transcends religious differences was important in another context as well. When Jews converted to Christianity singly or in tiny groups, it was relatively easy to accept them unreservedly with the full measure of Christian love. In fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Spain, however, Christians had to deal with the new phenomenon of mass conversion. This, of course, created economic tensions that are not generated by individual conversions, but it must also have produced a psychological dilemma: It is extraordinarily difficult for a society to transform its attitude toward an entire group virtually overnight. There were, it is true, plausible arguments that the religious sincerity of these new Christians left something to be desired; nevertheless, the reluctance to accord them a full welcome into the Christian fold went beyond such considerations. Despite the absence of a prominent demonic motif, the Marranos faced at least an embryonic manifestation of racial antisemitism, which served as a refuge for a hostile impulse that could no longer point to palpable distinctions. full text »  ▪   Biodiversity Trends in Biodiversity The term biodiversity refers to both the variety and variability in species and the genes that they contain. The term biosphere is a more inclusive term used to define the parts of the Earth that these species inhabit. Both biodiversity and the biosphere are vanishing on Earth. The rate of species extinction has a significant impact on society, as well as on the entire biosphere. For example, genetic diversity better enables species to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Species diversity is the key to such fundamental ecological concepts as the food web and ecosystem stability. Generally, the most-complex ecological communities, which are composed of many different species, are the most stable and therefore the most resistant to bioecological change. Simpler ecological communities are more fragile, being less able to withstand changes and survive. full text »  ▪   Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology In spite of the singular, biotechnology is in fact a combination of several technologies which draw on a number of scientific disciplines. Biotechnology as it has developed over the last 15 to 20 years is usually taken to refer to three significant technologies: - recombinant DNA technology - in vitro manipulation of cells (also called cell culture technology, or bioprocessing) - monoclonal antibody technology The European Federation of Biotechnology defined biotechnology accordingly as the 'integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and engineering sciences in order to achieve technological (industrial) application of the capabilities of micro-organisms, cultured tissue cells, and parts thereof.' full text »  ▪   Corporate Social Responsibility Social Responsibility and the Corporation Social responsibility is a major subject of concern and action for all but the smallest or least aware of companies. Today it is generally accepted that business firms have social responsibilities that extend well beyond what in the past was commonly referred to simply as the "business economic function." In earlier times managers, in most cases, had only to concern themselves with the economic results of their decisions. Today managers must also consider and weigh the legal, ethical, moral, and social impact and repercussions of each of their decisions. In many company organizations, however, this area of social responsibility is often not identified as a major or separate functional area. Quite often the responsibility for actions in this area is vested in an individual or small staff, frequently within the human resources management area. . . full text »  ▪   Creationism Creation and Science The reappearance of evolution in biology courses proved to be a stimulus for creationists, and their voices and activities increased. At first, only a few creationists were actively involved outside their community, but they proved to be skillful, determined, and effective. For example, the efforts largely of one couple in Texas were sufficient to make the adoption of biology books that discussed evolution extremely difficult in that state. The major voices for creationism were those of ten men with advanced university degrees who in 1963 formed the Creation Research Society and later, in 1972, founded the Institute for Creation Research, an educational institution with faculty, students, and research programs. . . full text »  ▪   Drug Abuse Control Drug Abuse and Attempts to Control It After the turn of the 20th century, the U.S. government began to heed the growing public concern about drug and alcohol abuse. Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which required that warning labels be added to prescription medications containing substances known to be habit-forming. The importation of smokable opium was banned in 1909, and restrictions on prescription drugs tightened with the passage of the Harrison Act in 1914. This act severely limited the sale of narcotics and required physicians and pharmacists to maintain records of drugs dispensed and prescribed, so that the government could monitor the distribution of narcotics. Additional laws prohibited the importation of these drugs, which resulted in the creation of a narcotics underground. . . full text »  ▪   Ebonics The Genesis of Black English In January 1973 Robert Williams hosted a conference in St. Louis titled "Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child." Two years later he published Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. There he defined Ebonics in the Pan-African tradition of W. E. B. Du Bois. Over two decades later, Williams affirmed the international foundations of his linguistic creation. During testimony before the U.S. Senate, he stated: Ebonics has two major dimensions as a language: 1. A lexicon or the vocabulary of the language, 2. Morphology or the study of the structure and form of the language that include its grammatical rules. Ebonics may be defined as the linguistic and paralinguistic features which on a concentric continuum represent the communicative competence of the West African, Caribbean, and United States slave descendent of African origin. It includes the grammar, various idioms, patois, argots, and social dialects of Black people. (Williams 1975: vi) full text »  ▪   Economic Globalization The Economic Dimension of Globalization Many people associate economic globalization with the controversial issue of free trade. After all, the total value of world trade exploded from $57 billion in 1947 to an astonishing $6 trillion in the late 1990s. In the last few years, the public debate over the alleged benefits and drawbacks of free trade reached a feverish pitch as wealthy Northern countries have increased their efforts to establish a single global market through regional and international trade-liberalization agreements such NAFTA and GATT. Free trade proponents assure the public that the elimination or reduction of existing trade barriers among nations will enhance consumer choice, increase global wealth, secure peaceful international relations, and spread new technologies around the world. full text »  ▪   Foreign Aid U.S. Foreign Aid World War II and its aftermath forced U.S. leaders to recognize their country's preeminent world role and to identify the foreign policy necessary to preserve that role. Underlying their deliberations was a consensus that long-term U.S. security ultimately depended on events overseas. As the Cold War set in and extended across Asia, this assumption would have profound implications for developing countries. U.S. foreign policy makers rarely address the country's world role without reference to its perceived moral responsibilities (Spanier and Hook, 1995). After World War II they had such confidence in these values that they attempted to transfer them wholesale to other countries through many instruments of foreign policy (Bellah, et al., 1991). This practice would include the worldwide distribution of foreign assistance, both economic and military, to nearly every LDC that sided with the United States in the Cold War. For as long as the competition lasted, the United States held the distinction of being the world's foremost aid donor. full text »  ▪   Freedom of Speech Free Speech Regulation Free speech case law permits the government to impose a wide range of restrictions on a similarly wide variety of forms of speech. The judicial tests employed to control or legitimize such restrictions have become increasingly complex. Even if we were all to agree on the precise purposes of the free speech clause, as well as on what constitutes speech in the first place, many cases involving government restriction of speech would still be unavoidably difficult. This is because no plausible approach to defining the limits on governmental power to restrict speech can avoid controversial valuations or controversial predictions of the future consequences of deciding a case in a particular way. But the unavoidable difficulty of some free speech cases does not, by itself, explain why the legal tests or doctrines applied should be as complex and multifaceted as the courts have made them. There is no reason in principle why admittedly difficult problems are necessarily better adjudicated by relatively complex tests. full text »  ▪   Global Culture Cultural Globalization Does globalization make people around the world more alike or more different? This is the question most frequently raised in discussions on the subject of cultural globalization. A group of commentators we might call ‘pessimistic hyperglobalizers’ argue in favour of the former. They suggest that we are not moving towards a cultural rainbow that reflects the diversity of the world's existing cultures. Rather, we are witnessing the rise of an increasingly homogenized popular culture underwritten by a Western ‘culture industry’ based in New York, Hollywood, London, and Milan. As evidence for their interpretation, these commentators point to Amazonian Indians wearing Nike training shoes, denizens of the Southern Sahara purchasing Texaco baseball caps, and Palestinian youths proudly displaying their Chicago Bulls sweatshirts in downtown Ramallah. Referring to the diffusion of Anglo-American values and consumer goods as the ‘Americanization of the world’, the proponents of this cultural homogenization thesis argue that Western norms and lifestyles are overwhelming more vulnerable cultures. Although there have been serious attempts by some countries to resist these forces of ‘cultural imperialism’ – for example, a ban on satellite dishes in Iran, and the French imposition of tariffs and quotas on imported film and television – the spread of American popular culture seems to be unstoppable. full text »  ▪   Hate Speech Hate Speech in American History The names are all too familiar -- "nigger," "kike," "wop," "mick," "spic" -- words that carry the baggage of centuries of racism and empty it out in hate. These words are often aimed at people like bullets. They foretell danger and evoke the shame of the past: slavery, riots, massacres, the Holocaust. If these words are so hateful and hurtful, why not outlaw them? Why not punish anyone who uses them in public to deliberately insult another person? Other forms of harm are punished; why not punish this one? The function of criminal law, after all, is to define the standards of civilized society and prescribe penalties for behavior that violates those standards. These questions introduce the subject of this book: hate speech. The issue before us is whether offensive words, about or directed toward historically victimized groups, should be subject to criminal penalties. Should it be illegal to call people names based on their race or religion? Should it be illegal to publish defamatory materials -- such as the notorious Protocols of the Elders of Zion -- that incite prejudice against a racial or religious group? full text »  ▪   Legalization of Drugs Drugs Legalization Debate The arguments posed by the supporters of legalization might be summarized as follows: (1) The drug laws have created evils far worse than the drugs themselves have--corruption, violence, street crime, and disrespect for the law. (2) Legislation passed to control drugs has failed to reduce demand. (3) You cannot have illegal that which a significant segment of the population in any society is committed to doing. You simply cannot arrest, prosecute, and punish such large numbers of people, particularly in a democracy. And specifically in this behalf, in a liberal democracy the government must not interfere with personal behavior if liberty is to be maintained. (4) If marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and other drugs were legalized, a number of very positive things would happen: Drug prices would fail. . . full text »  ▪   The Right to Die The Right to Die Movement For as long as people have been dying, societies have held opinions as to the value of their deaths: whether they are noble and transformational, or cowardly and sinful, even treasonous. Over the centuries, these judgments have shifted along with the ethical values of the age. No kind of death has elicited such dramatically changing convictions as death by suicide and assisted suicide. The first evidence of a tolerance for suicide and voluntary euthanasia comes from ancient Greece. This era held some taboos about taking life: Aristotle said, "To kill oneself to escape from love or poverty or anything else that is distressing is not courageous" ( The Ethics of Aristotle). But for the Greeks, there was nothing blameworthy about choosing to stop suffering at the end of life; sometimes, they believed, it was a worthy and sensible choice. The writer Plutarch said that in Sparta, infanticide was practiced on children who lacked "health and vigor." And Soc rates, according to Plato, announced that painful disease and suffering were perfectly acceptable reasons to choose to end one's life: "Eu" (good) and "thanatos" (death)--the words that have given us "euthanasia"--was the desired end to a life well lived. full text »  ▪   Whistleblowing Whistleblowers Whistle-blowers are a historically new group. Since the founding of the United States, there have been those who have demanded public attention to social injustice. Either acting individually or in organized efforts, they have dedicated themselves to political activity -- speaking, writing, and protesting issues of unfair taxes, slavery, exploitation of workers, prostitution, war, and a myriad of other problems that have arisen in the rapidly growing, industrial society. full text »  ▪   Working Women Changing Roles of Women in American Society We in the United States are experiencing a radical transformation in the nature and character of family, work, and society itself, as mothers of young children enter and remain in the labor force in unprecedented numbers. What has changed so dramatically is not women's roles but their duration and sequence. Today a majority of American women engage in employment and child rearing simultaneously, a seemingly impossible feat in a world fashioned for families in which fathers serve as breadwinners and mothers as homemakers. And, as we shall see, because of the complex and unequal pace of social change, there are built-in contradictions and inconsistencies in what men and women raising families expect of themselves and each other, in what employers expect of workers, and in what society expects of its male and female members. full text »  Don't hesitate! 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