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▪ American Literature ▪ Argumentative Topics ▪ Art ▪ British Literature Agatha Christie Charles Dickens Edmund Spenser Geoffrey Chaucer George Eliot Henry Fielding John Milton Laurence Sterne Robert Burns Robert Louis Stevenson Samuel Johnson Sir Walter Scott William Blake William Congreve ▪ Business ▪ Case Studies ▪ Communication & Media ▪ Computer Technologies ▪ Culture ▪ Economics ▪ Education ▪ Environmental Issues ▪ Finance ▪ Geography ▪ Health ▪ History ▪ Internet ▪ Media ▪ Politics ▪ Psychology ▪ Sociology ▪ Technology ▪ World Literature ▪  Whistleblowers ▪  Changing Roles of Women in American Society ▪  Free Speech Regulation ▪  The Economic Dimension of Globalization ▪  The Early Iron Age ▪  Early Textile Production ▪  Drugs Legalization Debate ▪  Social Responsibility and the Corporation ▪  Modern Biotechnology ▪  The Purpose of Genetic Engineering ▪  Controversy over Stem Cell Research ▪  Medical and Surgical Education in the Developing World ▪  The Decline of Leisure ▪  Health Psychology: Stress and Breast Cancer ▪  Cocaine Addiction ▪  Depression and Suicide in Adolescence ▪  Alfred Kinsey's Works on Sexual Behavior ▪  Art and Authenticity ▪  Robert Burns ▪  John Milton's Christian Doctrine ▪  Euthanasia ▪  Labeling Theory ▪  All Quiet on the Western Front ▪  Drug Abuse ▪  Joan of Arc ▪  Jack London ▪  Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ▪  Washington Irving ▪  Frederick Douglass ▪  Fertile Crescent ▪  Business and Politics ▪  Economics and Natural Resources ▪  Freedom of Competition ▪  Keynesian Economics ▪  Precapitalist Economics ▪  Stone Age Art ▪  Carolingian Art ▪  United States Containment Policy ▪  Politics and Media ▪  Environment and Health ▪  American Education Reform ▪  Nonverbal Communication ▪  Affirmative Action British Literature ▪   Agatha Christie Agatha Christie Though her books span a period from 1920 to 1976, Agatha Christie's detective fiction is essentially of the type called "Golden Age," or classic, that is of the period between the two world wars. She could and did change various elements within her work as time passed, but the basic form of her fiction did not change. Each new "Christie for Christmas" could be counted upon to be another surprising variation on the general pattern. Therefore, an examination of the nature of Golden Age detective fiction is a necessary first step in evaluating Christie's work. full text »  ▪   Charles Dickens Charles Dickens Great Expectations Charles John Huffam Dickens (1812-1870) pen-name "Boz", was an English novelist. During his lifetime, Dickens was viewed as a popular entertainer of fecund imagination, while later critics championed his mastery of prose, his endless invention of memorable characters and his powerful social sensibilities. The popularity of his novels and short stories during his lifetime and to the present is demonstrated by the fact that none has ever gone out of print. Dickens played a major role in popularizing the serialized novel. He is frequently referred to by his last name only, even on first reference (a la Shakespeare). Great Expectations is a Bildungsroman (a novel tracing the life of the protagonist) by Charles Dickens and first serialized in All the Year Round from December 1860 to August 1861. It tells the story of the orphan Pip (short for Philip Pirrip) and his "expectations", inheritance and plans for progression in his life and status. Great Expectations is divided into three volumes, each of which corresponds to one stage of the hero Pip's expectations and his life journey. full text »  ▪   Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 - January 13, 1599) was an English poet and Poet Laureate. Spenser is a controversial figure due to his zeal for the destruction of the Irish culture. The first poem to earn Spenser notability was a collection of eclogues called The Shepheardes Calendar, written from the point of view of various shepherds throughout the months of the year. The poem is an allegory symbolizing the state of humanity. The diversity of forms and meters, ranging from accentual-syllabic to purely accentual, and including such departures as the sestina in "August," gave Spenser's contemporaries a clue to the range of his powers and won him praise in his day. The Faerie Queene is his major contribution to English poetry. The poem is a long, dense allegory, in the epic form, of Christian virtues, tied into England's mythology of King Arthur. Spenser intended to complete twelve books of the poem, but managed only six before his death. The work remains the longest epic poem in the English language, and has inspired writers from John Milton and John Keats through James Joyce and Ezra Pound. He devised a verse form for The Faerie Queene that has come to be known as the "Spenserian stanza," and which has since been applied in poetry by the likes of William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Alfred Lord Tennyson. The language of his poetry is purposely archaic. It reminds readers of earlier works as The Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer, whom Spenser greatly admired. Spenser's Epithalamion is the most admired of its type in the English language. It was written for his wedding to his young bride, Elizabeth Boyle. Spenser is often overshadowed by William Shakespeare. full text »  ▪   Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 - October 25, 1400) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat (courtier), and diplomat. Chaucer is best known as the author of The Canterbury Tales. He is sometimes credited with being the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin. full text »  ▪   George Eliot George Eliot Mary Ann Evans, better known by the pen name George Eliot (22 November 1819 - 22 December 1880), was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era, whose novels, largely set in provincial England, are well known for their realism and psychological perspicacity. She used a male pen name, she said, to ensure that her works were taken seriously. Female authors published freely under their own names, but Eliot wanted to ensure that she was not seen as a writer of romances. An additional factor may have been a desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes. full text »  ▪   Henry Fielding Henry Fielding Henry Fielding was among the more remarkable figures of his time -- an innovator of genius as a dramatist and novelist and a magistrate who addressed serious social problems and invented the modern metropolitan police. He was remarkable as well for his sociable virtues. Few of his contemporaries -- perhaps not even the great Samuel Johnson himself -- were more agreeable companions or spoke so well and so wittily. His friend George Lyttelton, who knew them all, declared to the moralist James Beattie after Fielding was gone that Fielding "had more wit and humour" than Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and the other wits of his time put together. full text »  ▪   John Milton John Milton's Christian Doctrine Every writer intends for his work to be read by some particular audience. The character of that real or imagined audience directly affects both the style and the content of his composition. Though it did not appear in print until a century and a half after its author's death, the Christian Doctrine is no exception to this general principle. Identification of the readers for whom Milton composed this treatise should accordingly illuminate both its style and its contents. full text »  ▪   Laurence Sterne Laurence Sterne Laurence Sterne offers perhaps the most valuable case study of a mideighteenth-century literary career. His decision at age 45 to "turn author" is uniquely premeditated, yet his uncertainty about the conditions of authorship in the literary world he so assertively entered is equally remarkable. Both his self-consciousness and his confusion can be traced with considerable accuracy in letters, Tristram Shandy, and A Sentimental Journey. They make up the history of his struggle to discover what it meant to be an author in his time. We can mark each stage of his unsteady progress toward attaining celebrity and understanding the nature of his own fame. We can also observe, in the rise and decline of the Tristram Shandy fashion in the early 1760s and the subsequent success of A Sentimental Journey in the late 1760s, how one author responded to gaining, then losing, then regaining the adulation of the various publics that defined him as a cultural figure. full text »  ▪   Robert Burns Robert Burns Robert Burns’ father, William Burness (or Burnes), and his mother, Agnes Brown, came both of yeoman stock--native the one to Kincardineshire, the other to Ayrshire. William Burness began life as a gardener, and was plying his trade in the service of one Fergusson, the then Provost of Ayr, when, with a view to setting up for himself, he took a lease of seven acres in the parish of Alloway, with his own hands built a two-roomed clay cottage--still standing, but in use as a Burns Museum --and in the December of 1757 married Agnes Brown, his junior by eleven years. She was red-haired, dark-eyed, square-browed, well-made, and quick-tempered. He was swarthy and thin; a man of strong sense, a very serious mind, the most vigilant affections, and a piety not even the Calvinism in which he had been reared could ever make brooding and inhumane. And in the clay cottage to which he had taken his new-married wife, Robert, the first of seven children, was born to them on the 25th January, 1759. full text »  ▪   Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson was born in Edinburgh in 1850 and died in Samoa in 1894. Into his comparatively short life of forty-four years, especially into the last two decades of it, he crowded adventures and experiences such as fell to no other author of his time and to few authors of any time. From birth he was consecrated to Romance. In his cradle the Mystic Mother breathed her magic spell upon him and while he lived it remained unbroken. His brave response to the early and clearly divined call may fitly be expressed in the great lines from "Paradise Lost": Go thou -- I shall not lag behind nor err The way, thou leading. And as she led he followed, never lagging behind, never erring the way. full text »  ▪   Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield in 1709. His father, Michael Johnson, was a bookseller, highly respected by the cathedral clergy, and for a time sufficiently prosperous to be a magistrate of the town, and, in the year of his son's birth, sheriff of the county. He opened a bookstall on market-days at neighbouring towns, including Birmingham, which was as yet unable to maintain a separate bookseller. The tradesman often exaggerates the prejudices of the class whose wants he supplies, and Michael Johnson was probably a more devoted High Churchman and Tory than many of the cathedral clergy themselves. He reconciled himself with difficulty to taking the oaths against the exiled dynasty. He was a man of considerable mental and physical power, but tormented by hypochondriacal tendencies. His son inherited a share both of his constitution and of his principles. Long afterwards Samuel associated with his childish days a faint but solemn recollection of a lady in diamonds and long black hood. full text »  ▪   Sir Walter Scott Sir Walter Scott The appeal of Scott to his own age was immediate and universal, and his influence on his contemporaries and successors was as great as Byron's and more enduring. The literature of every civilized country bears witness to it. In France Alfred de Vigny, Merimee, Dumas, Balzac and Victor Hugo drew from him their first inspiration; in Germany and Italy he was the patron of a new school of romance, Manzoni was his disciple, and the reading of Quentin Durward made Ranke an historian; he was the earliest master of the Russian Dostoevsky; in Spain he had a host of imitators, and he was the acknowledged source of the eager romanticism out of which Catalan nationalism sprang; in Scandinavia, Tegnér and Almquist and Runeberg were his followers, and so different a writer as Strindberg confessed that before he approached an historical subject he steeped himself in Scott. He has been translated into every tongue, and no English writer save Shakespeare is so continuously reprinted in so many lands. full text »  ▪   William Blake William Blake Blake was born at 28 Broad Street, Golden Square, London into a middle-class family. At ten years old, he began engraving copies of drawings of Greek antiquities, a practice that was then preferred to real-life drawing. Four years later he became apprenticed to an engraver, James Basire. After two years Basire sent him to copy art from the Gothic churches in London. At the age of twenty-one Blake finished his apprenticeship and set up as a professional engraver. In 1779, he became a student at the Royal Academy, where he rebelled against what he regarded as the unfinished style of fashionable painters such as Rubens. He preferred the Classical exactness of Michelangelo and Raphael. In July, 1780, he was at the head of a rampaging mob that stormed Newgate Prison in London. The mob were wearing blue cockades (ribbons) on their caps, to symbolise solidarity with the insurrection in the American colonies. This disturbance, later known as the Gordon riots, provoked a flurry of paranoid legislation from the government of George III, as well as the creation of the first police force. In 1782 Blake met John Flaxman, who was to become his patron. In the same year he married a poor, illiterate girl named Catherine Boucher, who was five years his junior. Catherine signed her wedding contract with an X. Blake taught her to read and write and even trained her as an engraver. At that time, George Cumberland, one of the founders of the National Gallery, became an admirer of Blake's work. Blake's first collection of poems, Poetical Sketches, was published circa 1783. After his father's death, William and brother Robert opened a print shop in 1784 and began working with radical publisher Joseph Johnson. At Johnson's house he met some of the leading intellectual dissidents of the time in England, including Joseph Priestley, scientist; Richard Price, philosopher; John Henry Fuseli, painter whom he became friends with; Mary Wollstonecraft, feminist; and Thomas Paine, American revolutionary. Along with William Wordsworth and William Godwin, Blake had great hopes for the American and French revolution and wore a red liberty cap in solidarity with the French revolutionaries, but despaired with the rise of Robespierre and the Reign of Terror in the French revolution. Mary Wollstonecraft became a close friend, and Blake illustrated her Original Stories from Real Life (1788). They shared similar views on sexual equality and the institution of marriage. In the Visions of the Daughters of Albion in 1793 Blake condemned the cruel absurdity of enforced chastity and marriage without love and defended the right of women to complete self-fulfillment. In 1788, at the age of thirty-one, Blake began to experiment with relief etching, which was the method used to produce most of his books of poems. The process is also referred to as illuminated printing, and final products as illuminated books or prints. Illuminated printing involved writing the text of the poems on copper plates with pens and brushes, using an acid-resistant medium. Illustrations could appear alongside words in the manner of earlier illuminated manuscripts. He then etched the plates in acid in order to dissolve away the untreated copper and leave the design standing. The pages printed from these plates then had to be hand-colored in water colors and stitched together to make up a volume. Blake used illuminated printing for four of his works: the Songs of Innocence and Experience, The Book of Thel, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, and Jerusalem. full text »  ▪   William Congreve William Congreve William Congreve wrote some of the most popular English plays of the Restoration period of the late 17th and very early 18th centuries. By the age of thirty, he had written several notable plays, including Love for Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700). Unfortunately, his career ended almost as soon as it began. After writing five plays from his first in 1693 until 1700, he produced no more as public tastes turned against the sort of high-brow sexual comedy of manners in which he specialized. He reportedly was particularly stung by a critique written by Jeremy Collier (A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage), to the point that he wrote a long reply, "Amendments of Mr. Collier's False and Imperfect Citations". A member of the Whig Kit-Kat Club, Congreve's career shifted to the political sector, where he held various minor political positions despite his stance as a Whig among Tories. full text »  Don't hesitate! Prices 9.99 / page > in 6 days 17.99 / page > in 3 days 20.99 / page > in 48 hrs 23.99 / page > in 24 hrs 26.99 / page > in 12 hrs 28.99 / page > in 6 hrs 30.99 / page > in 3 hrs FAQ ▪  What does your service offer? ▪  Is this service legal? ▪  Whom do you employ for writing? ▪  How secure is the order processing? ▪  What kind of written works can you provide? ▪  How many words do you have per page? ▪  Can I contact you in case of emergency? ▪  What are your policies concerning the paper format? ▪  What about refunds? ▪  What charge will I have in my bank statement? Copyright © CustomTermPapers.org, 2004. All rights reserved Our keywords: custom essay, custom essays, custom term papers, paper writing services, research papers, essay writing tips, buy term paper

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