Seyd Pervez Musharraf was born in Delhi, India, but immigrated to Pakistan with his family after partition in 1947. He was commissioned into the Pakistani military and rose rapidly, becoming the army chief of staff in 1998. He led Pakistani forces during the 1999 Kargil War following the India and Pakistan nuclear tests.

Musharraf took power on 12 October 1999 in a bloodless coup. In June 2001, he also became president. Following the September 11 terrorist attacks, Musharraf cooperated  ith the United States in Operation Enduring Freedom and the broader war on terror. He attempted to suppress radical Islam, at significant political and personal risk (he survived two assassination attempts in 2003). Nonetheless, Al Qaeda remained active in the remote northwest corner of Pakistan. In 2002, a referendum extended the length of the president’s term through 2007. In 2005, Musharraf resigned as head of the army. His relationship with the administration of George W. Bush became increasingly complicated as Washington exerted pressure on Musharraf to suppress pro-Taliban militias in the northwest that were launching raids into neighboring Afghanistan. In addition, Musharraf faced domestic criticism for several cross-border incursions by American-led coalition forces pursuing Taliban forces that had fled into Pakistan.

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