Political theorist and revolutionary leader, Rosa Luxemburg was born in Poland and studied political science and law at the University of Zurich, where she received a doctorate in 1898. That same year, she became a German citizen through marriage and moved to Berlin, where she was active in Marxist circles as a writer and teacher. Her brilliance as a thinker and orator brought her to prominence. Together with Karl Liebknecht, she was the cofounder of the Spartacist League, which later became the German Communist Party. Her strong opposition to World War I led to her first imprisonment in 1915 and a second incarceration from 1916 to 1918, during which she wrote voluminously. Among her works written there was a sustained critique of the dictatorial character of the Bolshevik government under Vladimir Ilich Lenin.

In 1918, she was released from jail. At that time, in the wake of its defeat in World War I and the Kaiser's flight from Germany, the newly established German republic hovered on the brink of anarchy. The country gave strong indications of replicating the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917. Luxemburg counseled the party members that the time was not ripe for a successful socialist revolution, but she was overruled by Liebknecht and other party members. As a result, the party staged an unsuccessful revolt in January 1919 in which both Luxemburg and Liebknecht were captured and murdered by a right-wing paramilitary group let loose by the government.

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