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Economics
Free Online Custom Essays, Research Papers, Admission Essays, Thesis, College Papers, English Papers, Analyzed Essays, Essay Papers, Non-Plagiarized Essays, Term Papers, Coursework Essays, Custom Papers
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|  Essay, Research Paper: The British Economic Experiment of the Early 1980s |
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| The British economic experiment of the early 1980s, like the American experiment just discussed, placed major emphasis on reducing the growth rate of the money supply in order to reduce inflation and, ultimately, interest rates. And, as in the US, these goals were achieved: between 1980 and 1983 inflation had been lowered from 18 percent to 3 percent and short-term interest rates had dropped from 16 percent to 10 percent. However, also as in the US, these goals were achieved at a tremendous, unexpected cost to the economy in terms of unemployment and lost output. During 1980, the first year of Thatcher's administration, the growth rate of the British economy plunged to -2.0 percent and continued to fall through 1981. In 1982, the unemployment rate had increased to 12.3 percent, the highest among the major industrialized countries. |
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| Term Paper on 1982 recession in UK » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Adam Smith |
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| ...Adam Smith will always be called the father of economics, and no one can take his place. This is due to the great efforts he exerted in order to enrich the field of economics. He was trying his best to talk about most of the aspects that is controlling the economic land. Wages, profits, and savings are three areas that Adam Smith gave great attention to. It is stated in "Adam Smith" which was written by Campbell and Skinner that Adam smith Defined wages "as a form of return which accrued to those who must earn subsistence through the scale of their labor power arguing that this is a particular type of monetary reward is payable by those who require the factor" in other words, wages is what is paid by the owner to those who work, and this payment is through money. |
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| Term Paper on Adam Smith » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Crisis Management and Corporate Culture |
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| Today’s business world requires a well thought out plan and process to deal with unexpected crisis. Critical factors that come into play with the background of crisis management are the reputation and brand of the company and the trust and loyalty of stakeholders. The other option of course is to be prepared with proper procedures and protocols in place so that positive action can be taken in response to some of the crises. |
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| Term Paper on Crisis Management » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Division of Labor |
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| Human life and well-being depend on the production of wealth. The production of wealth vitally depends on the division of labor, that is, a system of production in which the labor required to support human life and well-being is broken down into separate, distinct occupations. As we have seen, under a system of division of labor, the individual lives by producing, or helping to produce, just one thing or at most a very few things, and is supplied by the labor of others for the far greater part of his needs. |
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| Term Paper on Division of Labor » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Economic Growth |
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| Economic growth can come from a number of sources. It can occur as a consequence of rising population, as has been common throughout recorded history, although increasing output in this way does not necessarily result in any improvement in living standards. The kind of growth which is of much greater importance economically is the sort which leads to higher output per head, or increasing productivity. This is the only way in which rising standards of living can be achieved. |
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| Term Paper on Economic Growth » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Economic Growth under Clinton Administration |
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| The Clinton administration's economic record was by many measures impressive, and the performance of the economy undergirded a national resurgence that seemed to make premature several decades of talk about an American climacteric. Instead, the mid-1990s witnessed a moment of American triumphalism, the likes of which had not been seen, one journalist observed, since the heady days of the Marshall Plan. "The U.S. economy," he reported, "has become the world's beau ideal -- its champion of growth, fiscal responsibility and technical progress." The editors of the New Republic cooed that Clinton was "presiding over what will be seen in future decades as a golden age in American history."
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| Term Paper on Economic Growth during Clinton » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Economics and Natural Resources |
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| The potential for economic progress is in no way limited by any fundamental lack of natural resources. Despite the claims so often made that we are in danger of running out of natural resources, the fact is that the world is made out of natural resources – out of solidly packed natural resources, extending from the upper limits of its atmosphere to its very center, four thousand miles down. This is so because the entire mass of the earth is made of nothing but chemical elements, all of which are natural resources. For example, the earth's core is composed mainly of iron and nickel – millions of cubic miles of iron and nickel. Its oceans and atmosphere are composed of millions of cubic miles of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon, and of lesser, but still enormous, quantities of practically every other element. |
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| Term Paper on Economics and Natural Resources » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Economy of Learning and Motion |
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| The division of labor increases the efficiency of the processes of learning and motion that are entailed in production.
First, under the division of labor, the individual who learns an occupation is able to apply his learning repeatedly, because he devotes his full working time to that occupation. The effect of this repetition is that he becomes extremely proficient in the use of his knowledge. In effect, he subconsciously automatizes the knowledge-he learns it so well that he no longer has to think things out step by step, as one does before one has the necessary experience or after one has been away from a field for a long time. A worker who is constantly practiced in his work can obviously accomplish a great deal more in the same time than one who is not. Outside the division of labor, on the other hand, even in cases in which people might be able to acquire sufficient knowledge to accomplish something, they would most likely not have sufficient occasion to use that knowledge to become proficient in its use.
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| Term Paper on Economy of Learning and Motion » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Foundations of Economics |
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| Economics has been defined in a variety of ways. In the nineteenth century it was typically defined as the science of wealth or of exchangeable wealth. In the twentieth century, it has typically been defined as the science that studies the allocation of scarce means among competing ends.
The importance of economics derives from the specific importance of wealth – of material goods – to human life and well-being. Obviously, human life depends on food, clothing, and shelter. Moreover, experience shows that there is no limit to the amount of wealth that practically all civilized men and women desire, and that the greatest part of their waking hours is actually spent in efforts to acquire it – namely, in efforts to earn a living.
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| Essay, Research Paper: Freedom of Competition |
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| If there is anything for which capitalism is more strongly denounced than its competition, it is its alleged lack of competition and tendencies toward monopoly. These denunciations stem in large part from a failure properly to understand the meaning of freedom of competition and of monopoly. The terms are usually understood in the light of the anarchic rather than of the rational concept of freedom.
According to the rational concept of freedom, of course, freedom means the absence of the initiation of physical force - in particular, on the part of the government. Viewed in a positive light, freedom is the freedom to do whatever one is otherwise capable of doing, unconstrained by the initiation of physical force.
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| Essay, Research Paper: Geographic Specialization |
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| A special aspect of individuals concentrating on what they do best is the more efficient utilization of land and natural resources. What an individual does best depends not only on his intellectual and bodily endowments, but also on the external conditions of nature that confront him. An individual living in a tropical climate, say, is able to grow tropical fruits or vegetables far more easily than someone living in a temperate climate, if the latter can grow them at all. An individual living close to rich deposits of iron ore, say, is able to mine such ore far more easily than someone not living close to such deposits, if the latter can mine iron ore at all. |
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| Term Paper on Geographic Specialization of Economic Activities » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Govermental Monopoly |
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| Government-owned and government-subsidized enterprises represent monopoly, in that markets or parts of markets are reserved to their exclusive possession by means of the initiation of physical force. Government-subsidized enterprises, of course, are a category which includes all government-owned enterprises, inasmuch as the initial resources of government-owned enterprises are provided by the government and their subsequent losses are covered by the government. |
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| Term Paper on Governmental Monopoly » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Japanese Economics |
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| Japanese economists could not continue societal activities during the closing years of the Asian and Pacific War (1937-45) and the chaotic period right after Japan lost the war. After this period, Japanese scholars gradually built up the domestic system of scientific research accommodated to the new post-war environment, including the Science Council of Japan (JSC) and the Union of National Economic Associations in Japan (UNEAJ). |
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| Term Paper on Japanese Economics » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Keynesian Economics |
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| Lord Keynes was born in 1883 and died in 1946. This volume was conceived as a tribute to the man and the economist. But it is more than that. We intend to appraise Keynes' contributions to economics: to add up the gains and to explore the weaknesses.
A volume on Keynesian economics, written mainly by Keynes' followers, naturally would be largely panegyric. But there is criticism also--both by the followers and by the minority of writers in this volume who might not be classed as Keynesian. These critics, however, unlike many of the detractors of Keynes, have read and absorbed the General Theory. Even the most enthusiastic imbibers at the Keynesian fountain will find impurities and indigestible and incongruous substances - examine the essays by Messrs. Colm, Smithies, and Samuelson in this volume, for example.
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| Essay, Research Paper: Marxist Economics |
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| ...Within a short time Marx became editor of the paper. In his writings Marx, criticized political and social conditions. This caused controversy with the authorities, and in 1843 Marx was forced to resign his, and soon afterward the Rheinische Zeitung was forced to discontinue publication and Marx went to Paris (Ollman, B. 469).
In Paris, Marx extended his studies in philosophy, history, and political science, and this is where Marx adopted his adopted communist beliefs (Rader, M. 132). In Paris he met a man who shared his same views and they began collaboration to clarify systematically the theoretical principles of communism and to organize an international working-class movement dedicated to those principles. This man was Fredrich Englels. Marx was later ordered to leave Paris because of revolutionary activities and settled in Brussels. This collaboration leads to the writing on the Communist Manifesto (Rader, M. 134). This writing leads too many Marxist revolutions throughout Europe. |
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| Term Paper on Marxist Economics » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Money, Gold and Inflation |
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| The quantity theory of money, as developed earlier in this book, shows that the cause of generally rising prices is an increase in the quantity of money. More specifically, it shows that the cause is an increase in the quantity of money at a rate more rapid than the increase in the supply of gold and silver. The increase in the supply of gold and silver, being itself a by-product of the general increase in the ability to produce, would show no tendency regularly or significantly to outstrip the increase in the supply of the mass of ordinary commodities, and to that extent would be incapable of causing a sustained significant rise in prices. In addition, since government intervention into the monetary system is what has been responsible for the quantity of money being able to increase more rapidly than the increase in the supply of gold and silver, the quantity theory of money implies that what is responsible for the problem of a persistent significant rise in prices is an increase in the quantity of money caused by the government. |
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| Term Paper on Money, Gold and Inflation » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Monopolism |
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| Monopoly exists insofar as the freedom of competition is violated, with the freedom of competition being understood as the absence of the initiation of physical force as the preventive of competition. Where there is no initiation of physical force to violate the freedom of competition, there is no monopoly. The freedom of competition is violated only insofar as individuals are excluded from markets or parts of markets by means of the initiation of physical force. Monopoly is thus a market or part of a market reserved to the exclusive possession of one or more sellers by means of the initiation of physical force. It is thus something imposed upon the market from without - by the government. |
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| Term Paper on Monopolism » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Political Economy |
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| Classical political economy was forged on the anvil of war. The Seven Years' War had barely ended when Smith published The Wealth of Nations, and the Napoleonic Wars were the backdrop of discussion in Malthus's Essay and Ricardo's Principles, Only John Stuart Mill and the later classicals had the luxury of reflecting on international conflict with the detachment born of the nineteenth-century Pax Britannica. |
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| Term Paper on Political Economy and State Security » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Precapitalist Economics |
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| It should not be surprising that such a large number of those who are recognized as important economists are, at the same time, leading advocates of capitalism. To the extent that an economist really understands the principles governing economic life, and desires that human beings live and prosper, he can hardly fail to be an advocate of capitalism. |
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| Term Paper on Procapitalist Economics » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: The Early 1990s Recessionary Period in Europe |
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| The late 1980s was a time of strong economic growth for Germany and others within the European Community. The Single European Act signed in 1987 to 'complete the internal EC market by 1992' began abolishing border controls and other technical barriers to trade including inconsistent health, safety, and environmental regulations; it commenced opening up public procurement, most significantly in energy, telecommunications, transportation, and water supply; and began creating a unified market for financial services. |
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| Term Paper on The 1990s Recession » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: The Role of Wealth |
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| Wealth is material goods made by man. It is houses and automobiles, piles of lumber and bars of copper, steel mills and pipelines, foodstuffs and clothing. It is also land and natural resources in the ground insofar as man has made them useable and accessible. Man, of course, does not make the material stuff of land and natural resources, but he certainly does create their character as wealth. |
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| Term Paper on The Role of Wealth » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Human Resources: Workplace Dilemma |
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| Most companies consider their employees to be assets necessary for profit. Claiming time worked or income increases the overall liability, thus reducing profit. Companies are primarily devoted to survive insuring that the profit from the engaged activities. |
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| Term Paper on Workplace Dilemma » |
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