In 1827, a French mathematician, Jean Fourier, was the first to suggest that certain atmospheric gases act like a greenhouse. Basically, "global warming" is the theory that Earth's temperature is increasing at a rate that cannot be explained by natural causes. By far the leading explanation for this event is the greenhouse effect. It, in turn, is caused by an increase in greenhouse gases believed by many to be anthropogenic in origin. There are a number of greenhouse gases. The most important is water vapor. Were it not for water vapor in the atmosphere, Earth's average temperature would be about 54°F (30°C) colder, or just a few degrees above 0°F (-18°C)! Other important greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). There are several others, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases, but they contribute only a tiny fraction to the total greenhouse effect.

As the global warming/greenhouse effect theory goes, these gases form an atmospheric "blanket" that holds heat close to Earth's surface. On average, about half of the short-wave solar energy reaches Earth's surface. There, it is converted into longwave energy, or heat. Heat, in turn, radiates back into the atmosphere. (This is the major reason temperatures begin to drop at night after the sun has set.) But greenhouse gases trap some of the long-wave energy (heat) as it rises. The net effect is a warming of Earth's surface and the lower atmosphere.

During the past century, global surface temperatures have increased slightly, about 1.33°F (0.74°C) ± 0.32°F (0.18°C). The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts a further probable rise in temperature of 2.0 to 11.5°F (1.1-6.4°C) during the remainder of the twenty-first century. An increase of that magnitude, in as short a period of time, would, of course, be catastrophic. Based upon the IPCC estimates, we should all rush out and buy as many shares of air-conditioner manufacturers' stock as possible! Much of the IPCC projection is based upon recent increases in atmospheric CO2.

▪   Alternative Media and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Alternative Media and Global Warming Alternative Media and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The alternative media--including talk radio and nonmainstream Web sites--have had a field day with climate change. Bloggers focus much of their effort on monitoring the news media coverage of the climate. Numerous individuals and groups on the Left and the Right maintain media blogs, and much of their focus has been on environmental coverage. The most famous of these, the Drudge Report, regularly links to climate stories. Whether the topic is snowfall during a global warming hearing in Washington or Gore's own carbon footprint, Drudge and others have driven a significant news agenda. The biggest of such stories can cross over into... Term Paper on Alternative Media and Climate Change »

▪   Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol Term Paper on Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Kyoto Protocol's second annex allowed countries to collaborate on emissions-reducing projects and to trade and purchase emissions credits. This system gave wealthier nations incentives to reduce emissions and encouraged them to work with developing nations to reduce theirs. The Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, whose goal is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that lead to global warming, was adopted in December, 1997, after nearly thirty months of international negotiations. The text of the protocol included twentyeight articles; Annex A, listing the six GHGs covered by the treaty and sources... Term Paper on Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol »

▪   Asia-Pacific Partnership

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Asia-Pacific Partnership Term Paper on Asia-Pacific Partnership, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Asia-Pacific Partnership is a pact designed to increase the development and dispersal of new technologies in order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. When the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted on December 11, 1997, several industrialized nations had reservations about its fairness and potential effectiveness. The United States, the only developed nation that did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, believed that complying with the treaty would put undue strain on the U.S. economy. President George W. Bush objected in 2001 to provisions that called for the United States to reduce... Term Paper on Asia-Pacific Partnership »

▪   Atmosphere, Global Warming, and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Atmosphere, Global Warming, and Climate Change Term Paper on Atmosphere, Global Warming, and Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Earth's climate has changed constantly over its history. The planet has experienced many cold periods, as well as several warm periods. For example, about ten thousand years ago, the Earth cooled during a period known as the Younger Dryas, when the average global temperature was about 3œ Celsius colder than it is today. However, about six thousand years ago, the Earth reached the middle of an interglacial period, known as the Mid-Holocene Maximum. The temperature then was 1œ Celsius higher than today's norm. Some of the natural mechanisms causing this climatological variability include: drift of plate tectonics, volcanic... Term Paper on Atmosphere, Global Warming, and Climate Change »

▪   Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Climate Change Term Paper on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Humans tend to be most aware of weather--that is, a local area's short-term temperature and precipitation variations. Scientists such as atmospheric chemists tend to concentrate on climate, or a large region's long-term variations in temperature, precipitation, and cloud cover. Because of discoveries revealing the extreme complexity of chemical reactions in the atmosphere, atmospheric chemistry has become a profoundly interdisciplinary field, depending on new facts and ideas found by physicists, meteorologists, climatologists, oceanographers, geologists, ecologists, and other scientists. Paleoclimatologists have studied changes... Term Paper on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Climate Change »

▪   Basel Convention

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Basel Convention Term Paper on Basel Convention, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Basel Convention is a treaty designed to promote environmentally sound management of hazardous waste while controlling and ultimately reducing the transboundary movement of hazardous waste for disposal to countries with less stringent regulations or enforcement. The convention requires countries to engage in more responsible management of hazardous waste, with a preference toward preventing pollution and minimizing the amount of waste produced. It promotes the domestic management of waste, rather than its disposal in other nations. In addition to protecting ecosystems from hazardous materials, the convention has a potential positive effect on... Term Paper on Basel Convention »

▪   Benefits of Climate Policy

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Benefits of Climate Policy Term Paper on Benefits of Climate Policy, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Climate policy decisions are particularly difficult to make because the accuracy of climate projections is difficult to evaluate. Even if the changes themselves were predictable, the consequences of those changes are not. Thus, the relative benefits and dangers of a particular course of action are difficult to determine. In the 1980's, such books as W. J. Maunder's The Uncertainty Business: Risks and Opportunities in Weather and Climate (1986) emphasized the risks and opportunities presented by Earth's natural climate, subject to contingent human influences. Since then, mainly as a result of the works of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate... Term Paper on Benefits of Climate Policy »

▪   Berlin Mandate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Berlin Mandate Term Paper on Berlin Mandate, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. When the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the result was the international treaty known as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The purpose of this treaty, which went into effect in 1994, was to prevent "dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system." Instead of specific limits on emissions for individual nations, the treaty simply called for future protocols that would set these limits, but the intention was that industrialized nations, known as Annex I countries, would reduce their emissions to 1990 levels by the year... Term Paper on Berlin Mandate »

▪   Biotechnology and Environment

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Biotechnology and Environment Term Paper on Biotechnology and Environment, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Although the application of traditional biotechnology can be linked to a number of detrimental effects on the environment, modern biotechnological methods appear poised to reduce the levels of GHGs being released into the atmosphere. Biotechnology, broadly defined as the use of living organisms to achieve human goals, has been practiced for thousands of years, beginning with the domestication of animals and plants. Common usage of the word, however, typically refers to the use of more modern biological methods to achieve many of the same purposes. The term "modern biotechnology" is sometimes used to differentiate contemporary techniques... Term Paper on Biotechnology and Environment »

▪   Carbon Cycle in Ecosystem

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Carbon Cycle in Ecosystem Term Paper on Carbon Cycle in Ecosystem, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The natural geochemical carbon cycle maintained an equilibrium of atmospheric and dissolved CO2 for thousands of years. This equilibrium, however, has been disrupted by the anthropogenic emission of CO2, which has increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and is associated with climate change. The biological carbon cycle primarily depends on two physiological processes of living things: photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy, which then is used to incorporate carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic compounds, a process called carbon fixation. The organic compounds can be used by... Term Paper on Carbon Cycle in Ecosystem »

▪   Carbon Dioxide Fertilization

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Term Paper on Carbon Dioxide Fertilization, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. In the context of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization is the stimulation of biospheric carbon uptake by rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That is, as the CO2 level increases, plants absorb more carbon and sequester it in biomass, removing it from the atmosphere and increasing their own size and productivity. This fertilization is realized by photosynthetic enzymes. It involves multi-scale processes, from the level of individual leaves and plants all the way up to regional and global ecosystems, and it is regulated by many other factors. CO2 and water (H2O) are the two basic substrates of photosynthesis... Term Paper on Carbon Dioxide Fertilization »

▪   Carbon Monoxide and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Carbon Monoxide and Global Warming Term Paper on Carbon Monoxide and Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and highly toxic gas composed of an atom of carbon and an atom of oxygen chemically bonded together. It is useful in the production of a wide variety of chemicals in various industries, including the automotive, construction, agrochemical, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, plastics, and textile industries. Environmental CO is primarily produced from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. Anthropogenic (human) sources of CO include incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, from which it is released in automobile exhaust; industrial plant exhaust... Term Paper on Carbon Monoxide and Global Warming »

▪   Carbonaceous Aerosols and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Carbonaceous Aerosols and Climate Change Term Paper on Carbonaceous Aerosols and Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Aerosols are fine solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas. Carbonaceous aerosols are fine, solid carbon particles suspended in the atmosphere. They result from burning fossil fuels, which are not completely consumed in the combustion process. Sometimes, these aerosols are referred to as "soot." They can affect the global climate, as well as causing problems for people who breathe the air: They are associated with allergies and respiratory diseases, as they interfere with breathing by clogging the air sacs in a person's lungs. These aerosols are also a major cause of pollution-related mortality. Carbonaceous aerosols are made up... Term Paper on Carbonaceous Aerosols and Climate Change »

▪   Carl Sauer

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Carl Sauer Carl Sauer Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Carl Sauer was born in Warrenton, Missouri, on December 24, 1889. He received a bachelor's degree in 1908 from Central Wesleyan College, where his father was on the faculty. He then attended Northwestern University and in 1915 received a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Chicago (Sauer, 1925). While he was attending graduate school, he served as a map editor for Rand McNally Publishers (1912- 1913). Upon his graduation from the University of Chicago, he was hired by the University of Michigan as an instructor in the Geography Department. By 1922, Sauer had become a full professor at the University of Michigan, but he chose to leave in 1923... Term Paper on Carl Sauer »

▪   Catastrophist-Cornucopian Debate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Catastrophist-Cornucopian Debate Term Paper on Catastrophist-Cornucopian Debate, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Many people are pessimistic about Earth's future when they consider the myriad environmental problems facing today's world. In the early nineteenth century, Thomas Robert Malthus predicted a dismal future of overpopulation and mass starvation; neo-Malthusian environmentalists foresee a catastrophic future in which too many humans battle for ever-dwindling resources, leading to vice, misery, and the collapse of civilization. On the other hand, optimists believe that technology is a cornucopia that, like the mythical horn of plenty, will provide an abundance of ingenious new cures for the world's environmental problems. This promethean... Term Paper on Catastrophist-Cornucopian Debate »

▪   Causes and Effects of Drought

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Causes and Effects of Drought Term Paper on Causes and Effects of Drought, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Many parts of the world are expected to suffer more frequent, more widespread, and more severe droughts as a result of climate change. Drought will likely be one of the most significant impacts of climate change on ecosystems and human society, but adaptation can lessen its effects. A drought is a period when the water supply of a given area is insufficient for the needs of humans or of ecosystems, usually resulting from below-normal precipitation. If defined simply as a precipitation deficit, such an event is called a meteorological drought. If a drought depletes soil moisture and harms crops, it is an agricultural drought. Eventually... Term Paper on Causes and Effects of Drought »

▪   Certified Emissions Reduction

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Certified Emissions Reduction Term Paper on Certified Emissions Reduction, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. A certified emissions reduction (CER) is a unit of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduced by sources or removed by sinks and achieved under a clean development mechanism (CDM) project. Under the CDM, developed countries can invest in or finance projects in developing countries. These projects must result in a reduction of emission or removal of GHGs from the atmosphere additional to any that would have occurred in the absence of the projects. The difference between the emissions that would have been released without the project (referred to as the baseline emissions) and what was actually released is validated and certified by an independent body... Term Paper on Certified Emissions Reduction »

▪   Chemical Industry's Contribution to Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Chemical Industry's Contribution to Global Warming Term Paper on Chemical Industry's Contribution to Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. As a major user of fossil fuels, the chemical industry contributes to global warming, and its processes and products that generate GHGs exacerbate this problem. Some chemical companies are developing environmentally friendly products and technologies that reduce or eliminate GHG emissions. Before the nineteenth century, chemical industries were relatively modest in size and their releases of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other pollutants tended to have local, rather than global, effects. As these industries expanded, processes in their factories and the uses of their products led to escalating emissions of CO2, methane, and... Term Paper on Chemical Industry's Contribution to Global Warming »

▪   Civilization and the Environment

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Civilization and the Environment Term Paper on Civilization and the Environment, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. In a world where the map of global climate change is always shifting, the conditions that once made a civilization flourish can never be taken for granted. There is a constant ebb and flow of migration and return-migration, as changes in weather patterns modify a people's environment and sources of sustenance. These changes have often proven so drastic as to contribute to the demise of previously stable civilizations. The extent to which climatic change has affected the genesis, development, location, nature, rise, and fall of civilizations throughout history has been a matter of long-standing debate. The issue has gained a sharper edge... Term Paper on Civilization and the Environment »

▪   Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Change Term Paper on Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. While Earth's climate is constantly changing in various ways, the planet tends to experience long-term trends toward either warming or cooling. The potential or actual contribution of postindustrial human activity to climate change, the consequences of that contribution, and the proper response to those consequences remain matters of crucial importance and signficant controversy. Climate is characterized by mean air temperature, humidity, winds, precipitation, and frequency of extreme weather events over a lengthy period of time, at least thirty years. Global warming is an example of climate change, and so are increases in the magnitude or frequency of... Term Paper on Climate Change »

▪   Climate Change Impact on Amphibian Extinction

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Change Impact on Amphibian Extinction Term Paper on Climate Change Impact on Amphibian Extinction, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Amphibian species are distributed worldwide and include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. They are cold-blooded animals, or ectotherms, and their physiology is affected by their external environment. Amphibian populations face an extinction crisis, as they have experienced dramatic population decreases worldwide since the 1980's. An estimated one-third of amphibian species are currently in decline, with many amphibian species now either threatened or extinct. In the late 1980's, scientists began to report mass mortalities of amphibians at an alarming rate, with causes not well understood. Although amphibian... Term Paper on Climate Change Impact on Amphibian Extinction »

▪   Climate Engineering

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Engineering Term Paper on Climate Engineering, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Climate engineering is a species of geoengineering, an expansive field that ranges over a wide variety of subjects, combining the study of Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, and biospheres with practical engineering principles. Also termed planetary engineering or macro engineering, the practice was suggested in the 1970's by Cesare Marchetti, who envisioned mitigating climatic impacts from burning fossil fuels by injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) deep into the ocean. The term geoengineering then started to appear in publications by the National Academies of Science and entered the conventional climate change debate. Practitioners of geoengineering or... Term Paper on Climate Engineering »

▪   Climate Lag and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Lag and Global Warming Term Paper on Climate Lag and Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Climate lag denotes a delay in the climate change prompted by a particular factor. This can occur when the system is influenced by another, sloweracting, factor. For example, when carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the atmosphere, its full effect may not be recognized immediately, because some of the CO2 may be partially absorbed, and much later released, by the oceans. The considerable amount of lag in geophysical systems can be seen in the delay between actions that increase or decrease climate forcings (changes that affect the energy balance of Earth) and their consequent impacts on the climate. Lag can be accounted for in several... Term Paper on Climate Lag and Global Warming »

▪   Climate Prediction and Projection

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Prediction and Projection Term Paper on Climate Prediction and Projection, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The methodology and databases accumulated over several decades to monitor and predict normal cyclical variations in climate provide a base against which to assess whether, and to what extent, current global warming is anthropogenic and to what extent it may be self-correcting. Weather is the sum of the atmospheric conditions we experience on a daily basis; climate is what produces those conditions in a given geographical area. Climatology has been described as "geographical meteorology." The principal purpose of studying a region's climate is to discover measurable factors that accurately predict, months or years in advance, what the... Term Paper on Climate Prediction and Projection »

▪   Climate Sensitivity

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Sensitivity Term Paper on Climate Sensitivity, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Global climate is a complex system that reacts to changes in its components, such as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. A change in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 may cause a change in the radiation balance of the Earth; such a change is called "radiative forcing." Many changes can cause radiative forcing, including changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration, the output of the Sun, ice cover, and aerosol concentration. In response to a change in the Earth's radiation balance, the planet's temperature will change until global energy balance is restored. How much the global temperature changes depends on internal feedbacks in the Earth's... Term Paper on Climate Sensitivity »

▪   Climate Variability Modes

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Modes of Climate Variability Modes of Climate Variability Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Modern technologies, particularly satellites and supercomputers, have allowed scientists to view climate from a global perspective, revealing recurrent patterns of climate parameters that affect large areas of the planet over varying periods of time, often years or decades. A college town with 2,000 residents that hosts 10,000 students for eight months every year has an average population of 8,666, but it will almost never have that number present. In "academic year" mode, it has a population of 12,000, and in "vacation" mode, it has 2,000. The climate also has modes, and its behavior varies dramatically between them. Temperatures, rainfall, winds... Term Paper on Climate Variability Modes »

▪   Climate Zones and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Climate Zones and Climate Change Term Paper on Climate Zones and Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Climate, the average weather conditions over a period of at least thirty years, is determined by various factors, the most important of which are the amount of precipitation and the temperature of the air. Climate controls the major ecological community types, or biomes; that is, the climate in a given region determines the flora and fauna that will thrive in that region. In 1900, Wladimir Koppen, a German climatologist, developed what has become the most widely used system for classifying world climates. The Koppen system identifies five major climate zones: tropical moist climates (A zone), dry climates (B zone), humid middle latitude... Term Paper on Climate Zones and Climate Change »

▪   Clouds and Cloud Feedback

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Clouds and Cloud Feedback Term Paper on Clouds and Cloud Feedback, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Clouds are important components of Earth's life-sustaining greenhouse effect. Alterations in cloud density, prevalence, or altitude caused by global temperature increases may have far-reaching consequences for Earth's temperature equilibrium. Clouds have a profound influence on local and global climate. Scientists have known for many years that clouds are a major component of the greenhouse effect, which makes life possible on Earth. What is not well understood is what effect clouds may have on global warming and cooling trends. Of the many variables that factor into global warming, clouds present the greatest uncertainty in predicting... Term Paper on Clouds and Cloud Feedback »

▪   Coastal Impacts of Global Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Coastal Impacts of Global Climate Change Term Paper on Coastal Impacts of Global Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Coastal environments include three of the four habitats on Earth that are most productive of biomass. Each of these habitats is directly affected by sea level and sea-level rise. Increasing concentrations of dissolved gases in the oceans will affect these ecosystems as well. The biomass productivity of marshes, estuaries, and coral reefs is comparable to that of tropical rain forests. This high productivity is due in part to the extreme range of environmental conditions at transitions between major habitats: terrestrial to marine, freshwater to seawater, and from the surface to considerable depths. These ecosystems not only are... Term Paper on Coastal Impacts of Global Climate Change »

▪   Conspiracy Theories and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Conspiracy Theories and Global Warming Term Paper on Conspiracy Theories and Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Each side in the global warming debate has accused the other of ulterior motives and of being part of a conspiracy to advance a hidden agenda. Many people believe that historic or present-day events are the work of conspiracies. Some conspiracy theories claim that specific groups are secretly working to control society. Other theories claim that major historical events were plotted by conspiracies. Finally, many people claim that unorthodox ideas, such as revolutionary inventions or medical cures, are suppressed by entrenched vested interests, although they may not identify any specific people or groups as responsible... Term Paper on Conspiracy Theories and Global Warming »

▪   Copenhagen Conference (2009)

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Copenhagen Conference (2009) Term Paper on The Copenhagen Conference (2009), Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. In December 2009, another United Nations climate change conference was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. Among the 15,000 in attendance were heads of state, advisers, diplomats, journalists, and others. One group, however, was noticeably absent from the conference: scientists! This was a political, rather than scientific, gathering. Climate change, itself, seemed to be a minor concern. Rather, climate change was used as a political tool to achieve other goals. In this context, it is important to know that most of the countries represented at the conference are poor. From the outset, the conference appeared to have two primary goals... Term Paper on Copenhagen Conference (2009) »

▪   Coral Reefs

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Coral Reefs Coral Reefs Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Reefs are sensitive, extremely biodiverse ecosystems that are strongly affected by climate change and play a vital role in ocean health. As global temperatures rise, the fragility and importance of the world's reefs simultaneously makes them a source of serious concern for environmentalists and provides early indications of the severity of climate change's future effects. Coral reefs occupy thousands of square kilometers of shallow inshore waters in the tropics over a region of millions of square kilometers and are often used to define the tropical marine environment. Unlike other marine communities, reefs are built entirely by biological activity. They are composed... Term Paper on Coral Reefs »

▪   Damages From Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Damages From Global Warming Term Paper on Damages From Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Global warming has the potential to inflict significant social, financial, and environmental damages. Some of these damages will be market damages, measurable as negative influences on gross domestic product (GDP), and some will be nonmarket damages, not accounted for in GDP. A clear example of a market damage that could be attributed to climate change is the loss of tourism associated with the destruction of coral reefs by sea-level rise or temperature change. An example of nonmarket damage is the loss of the ecosystem service of storm protection provided by coastal wetlands in a sea-level-rise scenario. Perhaps ironically... Term Paper on Damages From Global Warming »

▪   Deforestation Effect on Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Deforestation Effect on Global Warming Term Paper on Deforestation Effect on Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Deforestation is the long-term or permanent conversion of forested land to another use. Deforestation can be a natural phenomenon: floods, hurricanes, wildfires, landslides, and droughts, for example, can all cause widespread damage and destruction to a forest. However, deforestation is frequently anthropogenic. Such anthropogenic deforestation results from destructive logging; the transformation of forest to cropland, pasture, or developed areas; and overutilization of forest resources past the point where the ecosystem can recover. Road building, oil extraction, mining, and hydroelectric dam construction also involve... Term Paper on Deforestation Effect on Global Warming »

▪   Desertification and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Desertification and Global Warming Term Paper on Desertification and Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Expansion and intensification of agriculture in dryland environments can lead to land degradation. When drought occurs in such environments, further land degradation is so severe that the ecosystem cannot recover fully after the rains return, and the region becomes a desert. Should drought frequency increase in the future, vulnerability to desertification will also increase. Desertification is a process of land degradation in arid and semiarid areas resulting from climatic variations and human activities. Degradation results from pressure from expansion of agriculture and livestock numbers, which make the land increasingly... Term Paper on Desertification and Global Warming »

▪   Displaced Persons, Refugees, and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Displaced Persons, Refugees, and Global Warming Term Paper on Displaced Persons, Refugees, and Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Humans have always migrated in response to climatic changes, and a rapid global climate change in the twenty-first century would be no exception. In some parts of the world, climate change may make the environment inhospitable or unsuitable for human habitation, leading to exodus of the affected populations. People who migrate for climatic reasons are sometimes referred to as "climate refugees." However, refugees, as defined by the 1951 U.N. Refugee Convention, are those who flee their home country under justified fear of persecution due to their religion, ethnicity, nationality, or social or political affiliation... Term Paper on Displaced Persons, Refugees, and Global Warming »

▪   Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture Term Paper on Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. There is now a consensus that the mean temperature of the Earth will increase by an average of 2.0œ to 5.8œ Celsius in the twenty-first century. Some environmental models, taking into account likely changes in vegetation cover, predict an even higher rise of 8œ Celsius during the century. The resulting elevated temperatures (even at the lower end of the estimates) will have significant effects on Earth's biosphere, including human life. Many factors are associated with this predicted temperature rise, but agriculture is among the major contributors. Agricultural activity is a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs)... Term Paper on Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture »

▪   Falsifiability Rule

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Falsifiability Rule Term Paper on Falsifiability Rule, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The falsifiability rule asserts that for a theory to count as scientific, it must be logically capable of being disproven. The falsifiability of climate change theories has been contested by some of their critics. Science covers such a broad range of subjects that it is very hard to come up with a simple definition of scientific proof. Many scientific ideas cannot be tested by simple experiments. Sometimes, even well-established scientific ideas require revision when new data are discovered, so scientists generally believe it is impossible to prove a theory to be absolutely true. Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper proposed that ideas could... Term Paper on Falsifiability Rule »

▪   Fires and Climate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Fires and Climate Term Paper on Fires and Climate, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Forests sequester carbon, and fires return it to the atmosphere. Huge fires may account for as much as 40 percent of the anthropogenic contribution of CO2 to Earth's atmosphere. Early humans used fire in their agriculture. When specific human populations collapsed, the absence of these fires resulted in reforestation and the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. Fire is an important factor in climate, whether it is stopping or starting. Study of charcoal deposits has shown that before 1500 c.e., indigenous populations in the Amazon Basin used fire to clear forests and maintain extensive agricultural enterprises. After European plagues killed... Term Paper on Fires and Climate »

▪   Gifford Pinchot

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. As first chief of the United States Forest Service, Pinchot set the example for modern forestry in general and U.S. forestry and forest management policy in particular. Gifford Pinchot was the eldest child of James Pinchot, who obtained vast wealth from lumbering and land speculation. Disturbed by the damage that had been done to the land, James suggested that Gifford become a forester. Gifford graduated from Yale in 1889 and spent a year at the French National Forestry School. He was the resident forester for the Biltmore Estates for three years. In 1896, Pinchot was appointed to the National Forest Commission by the National Academy of Sciences. In 1898, he was... Term Paper on Gifford Pinchot »

▪   Global Climate Coalition

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Climate Coalition Term Paper on Global Climate Coalition, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Global Climate Coalition (GCC) is a defunct industry group that worked to set the climate change agenda of the United States. This organization was influential and successful in its endeavors. The GCC dissolved amid increased understanding in climate science and the rise of public opinion in support of public policy to address climate change. The coalition met many of its goals prior to its dissolution. The GCC was formed by representatives of multinational corporations reliant on the use of fossil fuels, particularly in the energy and transportation sectors. Prominent members of the GCC included BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Dupont, Ford... Term Paper on Global Climate Coalition »

▪   Global Economy and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Economy and Global Warming Term Paper on Global Economy and Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The global economy and climate change are two interrelated processes of globalization. As the economy grows, so do factors associated with global warming, which can both drive and impede economic growth. The global economy is the result of a process of increasingly global economic integration that began in the sixteenth century. European powers spread capitalism to colonies that provided cheap labor (including slaves), abundant natural resources, and vital new markets for goods and services. The expansion of European capitalism led to the export of industrialization in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The United States worked to... Term Paper on Global Economy and Global Warming »

▪   Global Surface Temperature

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Surface Temperature Term Paper on Global Surface Temperature, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Global surface temperature is an estimate of global mean air temperature at the Earth's surface, based on thermometer measurements made at landbased weather stations. Because about 70 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water, landbased data are supplemented by sea-surfacetemperature (SST) measurements. Estimates of air temperature are based on the assumption that there is a simple link between the SST and that of the air above. Usually, SST measurements are based on measurements of the temperature of seawater that is taken aboard ships for use as an engine coolant. In the past, SST measurements were made of water taken... Term Paper on Global Surface Temperature »

▪   Global Warming and Animal Husbandry Practices

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and Animal Husbandry Practices Term Paper on Global Warming and Animal Husbandry Practices, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Humans raise livestock to meet individual and community nutritional and commercial demands for animal products. Livestock farmers range from individuals, who may raise a few animals to supply their families with protein sources or earn income in local markets, to commercial agriculturists who invest in industrial methods to manage numerous livestock simultaneously. Animal husbandry practices reflect diverse human cultures and types of livestock, from nomads in developing countries who tend herds of indigenous livestock that migrate to water and forage resources to farmers in developed countries who often rely on technology... Term Paper on Global Warming and Animal Husbandry Practices »

▪   Global Warming and Arctic Seafloor Claims

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and Arctic Seafloor Claims Term Paper on Global Warming and Arctic Seafloor Claims, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Global warming has led to significant declines in Arctic Ocean ice coverage, allowing unprecedented access to seafloor resources. Estimates place approximately one-quarter of the world's fossil fuel reserves beneath the Arctic seafloor, making seafloor competition a likely source of future geopolitical conflict. During the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Arctic Ocean ice was in steady retreat. Ice thickness declined by 40 percent, and ice shrinkage freed over 2.6 million square kilometers of water along the ocean's coastlines. Record rates of ice shrinkage in 2007 and 2008 opened the Northwest Passage to... Term Paper on Global Warming and Arctic Seafloor Claims »

▪   Global Warming and Bioethics

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and Bioethics Term Paper on Global Warming and Bioethics, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Global Warming raises difficult moral issues because the need to allocate limited funds and resources requires some classes, peoples, and generations to be prioritized over others. Bioethics seeks to create rational frameworks to facilitate the resolution of these issues. Bioethics is a discipline that seeks to determine the most ethical course of action when faced with a decision involving medical care, medical or biological research, or life and living processes generally. As such, it is implicated in many decisions dealing with the human response to climate change, because those decisions require balancing the interests of people in... Term Paper on Global Warming and Bioethics »

▪   Global Warming and Thawing Permafrost

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and Thawing Permafrost Term Paper on Global Warming and Thawing Permafrost, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. One of the greatest problems associated with rising temperatures is one that is often overlooked in climate-related discussions: permafrost. Where temperatures drop well below freezing for a long period of time, the ground freezes solid. In the upper middle latitudes, as temperatures begin to warm, the frozen ground thaws. In colder northern latitudes the surface thaws, but at a depth the ground remains frozen. It is this permanently frozen ground that scientists call permafrost. It occurs in much of Canada and Alaska and in a broad belt across northern Europe and Siberia. Under warming conditions, the active (upper) layer of... Term Paper on Global Warming and Thawing Permafrost »

▪   Global Warming and the Threat of Rising Sea Level

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and the Threat of Rising Sea Level Term Paper on Global Warming and the Threat of Rising Sea Level, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. If all existing ice melted away, sea level would rise about 200 feet (60 m). Some of the rise would come from the meltwater itself. But a considerable amount of the rise would come from thermal expansion (as water warms, it expands). Were this to happen, some estimates suggest that up to half the world's population would be affected. That would, indeed, be catastrophic! Fortunately, not even many anthropogenic global warming (AGW) pessimists believe this will happen. Most experts, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), predict a rise of several inches to a maximum of 3 feet (1 m) during this century... Term Paper on Global Warming and the Threat of Rising Sea Level »

▪   Global Warming as a Threat to Public Health

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming as a Threat to Public Health Term Paper on Global Warming as a Threat to Public Health, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Climatic conditions that support the successful colonization of geographical locations by human societies also tend to support the populations of pests and pathogens associated with human diseases. Abrupt climate change can destabilize trends in the distribution of diseases in populations, as well as society's ability to cope with emerging pathogens and shifting demographic patterns. The most important factor in the emergence and proliferation of pathogens is the availability of susceptible hosts. Therefore, many pathogens have coevolved, not only with human biological constraints against disease, but also with socially... Term Paper on Global Warming as a Threat to Public Health »

▪   Global Warming, Energy, and Culture

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming, Energy, and Culture Term Paper on Global Warming, Energy, and Culture, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. In 1949, anthropologist Leslie A. White published a paper in which he presented a very interesting theory. Professor White suggested that culture (everything humans know, have, and are able to do) advances in response to per capita energy consumption. Subsequent studies have shown his theory to be correct. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution more than two centuries ago, the world's economic growth has depended upon fossil fuels. Today, 85 percent of all energy produced in the United States comes from petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Half of the country's electricity alone is generated by coal-powered plants. Nearly... Term Paper on Global Warming, Energy, and Culture »

▪   Greenhouse Effect

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Greenhouse Effect Term Paper on Greenhouse Effect, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The greenhouse effect warms the lower portion of a planet's atmosphere when heat is trapped there by gases--such as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxides--that prevent it from escaping into space. As a result of their molecular structure, these gases are dominant absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. They absorb infrared energy from a planet's surface and reemit it in all directions. A significant fraction of this reradiated energy is directed back to the planet's surface, resulting in an increase in average temperatures. This effect is somewhat analogous to the trapping of heat by a greenhouse, but the... Term Paper on Greenhouse Effect »

▪   Greenhouse Gases

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Greenhouse Gases Term Paper on Greenhouse Gases, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace atmospheric gases that trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming. Such warming has been associated with droughts, tornadoes, ice melting, sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion, evaporation, and other climatic changes and effects. Greenhouse gases have both natural and anthropogenic sources. They allow sunlight to pass through them and reach Earth's surface, but they trap the infrared radiation released by Earth's surface, preventing it from escaping into space. These trace atmospheric gases thus play an important role in the regulation of Earth's energy balance, raising the temperature of the lower... Term Paper on Greenhouse Gases »

▪   Gulf Stream and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Gulf Stream and Climate Change Term Paper on The Gulf Stream and Climate Change, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Gulf Stream moves huge amounts of water, salt, and heat around the Atlantic Ocean. Many scientists have argued that the position of the Gulf Stream has shifted at times in the geologic past, causing significant changes in the climate of Greenland and northern Europe. The Gulf Stream has a peak flow of more than a hundred times that of all the rivers and streams on Earth, combined. Much of this is warm water from the Gulf of Mexico or the Caribbean, being transported to the North Atlantic, transferring a great amount of heat. A strong belief has developed that this ocean current is responsible for the mild climate of Europe. Recent... Term Paper on Gulf Stream and Climate Change »

▪   Halocarbons

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Halocarbons Halocarbons Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The halocarbons are a group of partially halogenated organic compounds, in which carbon atoms link with halogen atoms by a covalent bond. (The halogen atoms include bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine.) The most common type of halocarbon contains chlorine and belongs to the subclass of chlorocarbons, which includes substances such as carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene. The other common subclass of halocarbon, the fluorocarbons, contains fluorine and includes polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Some of the Freons, though not all, are halocarbons. Halocarbons are produced and valued because of their nonflammability... Term Paper on Halocarbons »

▪   Health and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Health Effects of Global Warming Health Effects of Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Ambient temperature in general, and systematic temperature changes in particular, have both direct and indirect impacts on human health. Direct effects include increases or decreases in heatstroke, hypothermia, and metabolic and physiological disorders. Indirect effects include increases or decreases in drought, famine, severe weather events, and disease. The threat of possible severe climate change, including predictions of global warming from politicians, media leaders, and scientists, has aroused worldwide concern about the potential effects of such change on human health. The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change... Term Paper on Health and Global Warming »

▪   Heartland Institute

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Heartland Institute Heartland Institute Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. An American, libertarian, free-market-oriented, tax-exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, the Heartland Institute researches and develops free market solutions to social and economic problems, including environmental problems. The institute was established in 1984 and is based in Chicago, Illinois. Its activities are directed by a fifteen-member board of directors that meets quarterly. As of 2008, thirty full-time staff, including editors and senior fellows, oversee the organization's day-to-day activities. The think tank focuses on issues such as government spending, taxation, education, health care, free market environmentalism, and global warming... Term Paper on Heartland Institute »

▪   Heat Content

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Heat Content Heat Content Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Touch a fluorescent light bulb. It may feel pleasantly warm, but it will not feel extremely hot. However, the gas inside a working fluorescent bulb is usually at a temperature of more than 10,000œ Kelvin. For comparison, the Sun's surface temperature is 5,800œ Kelvin. If the gas inside a fluorescent light bulb is at such a high temperature, why is the surface of the bulb relatively cool? (Axelrod, 2004) The key is heat content. The gas inside the bulb is at a high temperature, but, because the gas is so thin and there are relatively few gas atoms inside the bulb, relatively little total heat energy is contained within the gas. Heat content is the total thermal energy... Term Paper on Heat Content »

▪   Heterotrophic Respiration

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Heterotrophic Respiration Heterotrophic Respiration Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Heterotrophic respiration is a set of metabolic processes through which organisms produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and release energy from organic compounds that they have ingested or otherwise incorporated from outside themselves. It may be differentiated from autotrophic respiration, in which energy-bearing compounds are produced by the organism through processes such as photosynthesis. Heterotrophic organisms include animals, fungi, and many types of bacteria. CO2 is a greenhouse gas (GHG), meaning that its increased atmospheric concentration may trap more heat on Earth and raise global temperatures. The amount of carbon in the top meter... Term Paper on Heterotrophic Respiration »

▪   High Park Group

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The High Park Group The High Park Group Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The High Park Group (HPG) is a public affairs and policy consulting group in Toronto and Ottawa that represents many energy industry clients. The firm appears to support skepticism of anthropogenic climate change. The group claims to work in a wide range of areas, but its primary areas are energy, environment, and ethics. Among its services are policy and strategic consulting, direct lobbying, media relations, and issues management. In 2009 the president was Timothy M. Egan. One of the directors was Kathleen McGinnis. The director of regulatory affairs was Julio Legos. The Ottawa director until September, 2006, was Tom Harris. The High Park Group is... Term Paper on High Park Group »

▪   Holocene Climate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Holocene Climate Holocene Climate Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Understanding climatic fluctuations since the last ice age provides a context for evaluating the extent to which the present global warming trend is an anthropogenic phenomenon. Correlation of archaeological and historical records allows projections of the impact of global warming on human society. Climatic changes since the end of the last ice age form the backdrop for much of human prehistory and are viewed by some as a driving force in the rise and fall of civilizations. The retreat of continental glaciers began in earnest 13 million years ago, with a gradual warming trend that reached its peak around 6,000 years ago during a period known as the Hypsithermal... Term Paper on Holocene Climate »

▪   Hubbert's Peak

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Hubbert's Peak Hubbert's Peak Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Geophysicist Hubbert's prediction that American oil production would peak in 1972 proved accurate and presaged the rise of energy independence and security as crucial national and international issues. In 1956, Shell Oil Company geophysicist M. King Hubbert predicted that U.S. oil production in the lower forty-eight states would peak in 1972; it peaked in 1970. Other scholars have extended Hubbert's work to predict that world oil production would peak sometime between 2005 and 2011. Although there are critics of Hubbert's approach, most geologists and geophysicists agree with the basic premises of his work. World demand would exceed production capacity... Term Paper on Hubbert's Peak »

▪   Human Migration

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and Human Migration Global Warming and Human Migration Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Most literature uses the term "environmental refugees" or "climate refugees" to conceptualize the complex relationships between human migration and climate change. In the 1970's, Lester Brown of the Worldwatch Institute defined environmental refugees as people forced to leave their traditional habitats, temporarily or permanently, because of marked environmental disruptions. Migration caused by environmental degradation is not a new phenomenon. People throughout history have migrated in order to seek new opportunities and resources for survival. What makes climate-change- related displacement different is the scale of the problem and... Term Paper on Human Migration »

▪   Hybrid Cars

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Hybrid Automobiles Hybrid Automobiles Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Hybrid automobiles derive their energy from two or more sources, such as gasoline and electricity. They are low- or zero-emission vehicles and greatly reduce or eliminate the toxic carbon emissions that are by-products of gasoline-powered internal combustion engines. Hybrid vehicles combine electric motors and internal combustion engines in such a way that their drive shafts can be powered by the gasoline engine, by the lithium-ion batteries of their electrical engines, or by a combination of the two. Although such vehicles existed as experimental prototypes as early as the late nineteenth century, they did not become commercially viable until... Term Paper on Hybrid Cars »

▪   Hydrogen Power

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Hydrogen Power Hydrogen Power Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is an ideal fuel to be used for transportation, since the energy content of hydrogen is three times greater than that of gasoline and four times greater than that of ethanol. Hydrogen power powered rockets launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for many years. Today, a growing number of automobile manufactures around the world are making hydrogen-powered vehicles. Because of depleting supplies and growing demand for oil, H2 may become an alternative to gasoline. The idea of hydrogen as the fuel of the future was expressed long ago by Jules Verne in his novel L'Ile mysterieuse (The Mysterious Island)... Term Paper on Hydrogen Power »

▪   Hydrosphere

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Earth's Hydrosphere Earth's Hydrosphere Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The hydrosphere, the collective designation of all water on Earth, significantly affects Earth's greenhouse effect and global temperatures generally. Atmospheric water vapor is the major GHG, and the oceans are major storage sites for water, heat, and CO2. The range of Earth's surface temperatures and atmospheric pressures permits water to occur naturally as a solid, liquid, and vapor. Water is present in all Earth's climate subsystems. In broadest terms, the hydrosphere includes liquid water at the Earth's surface, water in the atmosphere in all its forms, and water in the cryosphere stored as ice. It extends several kilometers below Earth's... Term Paper on Hydrosphere »

▪   IGBP

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) is an international research program devoted to the study of global environmental change, with a focus on the interactions between the solid Earth and its living organisms. The IGBP's purpose is to work toward improving the sustainability of Earth's biosphere. A central secretariat, hosted by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, coordinates IGBP's scientific program. The organization has seventy-six member countries and international project offices in North America, Europe, and Australia. The IGBP studies the interactions occurring among Earth's natural... Term Paper on IGBP »

▪   IIASA

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is an interdisciplinary organization founded in 1972 with the aim of promoting East-West cooperation during the Cold War. It now devotes its efforts to complex systems problems of international or global scope. Through its various programs, IIASA conducts research into major economic, demographic, social, and environmental issues, including global climate change. The scope of IIASA research projects is huge, beyond the capabilities of any one country or national research institution to manage. IIASA research projects collect massive amounts... Term Paper on IIASA »

▪   ITSSD

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Institute for Trade, Standards, and Sustainable Development Institute for Trade, Standards, and Sustainable Development Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Institute for Trade, Standards, and Sustainable Development (ITSSD) advocates sustainable development without absolute protection of natural resources and discounts anti-global warming measures as not scientifically or economically justified. Headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, the ITSSD is a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating government, industry, and the public about science, technology and innovation policy, private property rights, and international trade. It is operated by its chief executive officer-president, vice president, and secretary and has a seventeen-member advisory board... Term Paper on ITSSD »

▪   IUCN

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), formerly the World Conservation Union, is a hybrid organization of states, state agencies, and nongovernmental organizations that facilitates and encourages the conservation and equitable use of nature and natural resources. It was founded in 1948 and has gone by several names in its history (recently reverting from the World Conservation Union to its former title, the International Union for Conservation of Nature). Its Secretariat is headquartered in Gland, Switzerland, but it has a staff of one thousand experts in sixty nations which coordinates several theme-based... Term Paper on IUCN »

▪   Ice-out Studies

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Ice Breakup Studies Ice Breakup Studies Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Across the northern United States, a popular tradition for many decades has been guessing the date of ice breakup ("ice-out") on local lakes. Not only is it a local news story and harbinger of spring, but ice-out has numerous practical ramifications as well. It marks the end of winter activities on the lake, such as ice fishing and travel across the ice, and the beginning of summer activities, such as open-water fishing. In earlier days, ice-out was important for commercial activities such as log drives and steamship navigation. As a result, for many lakes ice-out data are available since the middle of the nineteenth century. Moosehead Lake... Term Paper on Ice-out Studies »

▪   Impacts of Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Impacts of Global Warming Term Paper on The Impacts of Global Warming, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. An estimated $50 billion has been spent in the United States and Canada--by both government and private industry--on global warming research. Scientists have directed most of their attention toward two major questions. First, they want to know whether global warming is actually happening and, if so, what is its cause. Second, many studies have focused upon the various impacts of rising temperatures. (Strangely, very little research has been funded to study the effects of possible global cooling and its impact.) For nearly three decades hundreds of articles and many books have been published, describing countless things that will result... Term Paper on Impacts of Global Warming »

▪   Inconvenient Truth

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. An Inconvenient Truth emphasizes the need to stop global warming in order to prevent the destruction of Earth's natural resources and the accompanying loss of biodiversity. A centerpiece of Al Gore's work on climate change, it was the primary factor behind Gore's receipt of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Throughout his time as vice president of the United States, and for many years before, Al Gore advocated for changes in environmental policies, especially as they related to the climate, most notably global warming. Over the years, he had prepared and worked to perfect a slide show dealing with the problem of global warming. This slide show, which... Term Paper on Inconvenient Truth »

▪   Industrial Ecology

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Industrial Ecology Industrial Ecology Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Industrial ecology is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities and their impact on the environment. It includes the effects of economic, political, and social factors bearing on those flows and their environmental consequences. The discipline is an adaptation of the concept of a biological ecosystem, which has been at the core of environmental studies for many decades, applying the same analysis to the human-created world as had been applied to the biological world. It is also an adaptation of the idea of materials flow, which has been applied to geologic and industrial evaluations, applying the concept... Term Paper on Industrial Ecology »

▪   Industrial Emissions

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Industrial Greenhouse Emissions Industrial Greenhouse Emissions Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, increased amounts of anthropogenic industrial GHG emissions from factories and power plants have combined with emissions from other sources to raise the global temperature and change the climate. Modern technology has accelerated the global warming process with the production of new industrial GHGs. Industrial greenhouse gases (GHGs) are anthropogenic gaseous constituents of the atmosphere produced by human industrial processes that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation, emitted by the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and by clouds. This phenomenon... Term Paper on Industrial Emissions »

▪   Industrial Revolution

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Industrial Revolution and Climate Change The Industrial Revolution and Climate Change Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Industrial Revolution involved a shift from human and animal power to reliance on coal for manufacturing and transportation, and it was marked by an escalating rate of population increase. The early industrial period saw global cooling rather than warming. The Industrial Revolution began around the middle of the eighteenth century in England. Increasingly sophisticated power-driven machines augmented and replaced human and animal labor, greatly increasing individual worker productivity. This led to an overall increase in per capita resource consumption at a time when population was also beginning to increase at an exponential rate... Term Paper on Industrial Revolution »

▪   Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a low-pressure belt located near and parallel to the Earth's equator, within a few degrees of latitude. Because it is a low-pressure belt and located in the vicinity of the equator, near-surface winds on both sides of this belt tend to converge into the belt. A band of clouds and accompanying precipitation is associated with the ITCZ, which can therefore be easily identified from satellite pictures. The wind on the north side of the ITCZ comes from the northeast (blowing toward the southwest), and therefore, by meteorological convention, is called the "northeasterly." The obverse wind on the south side... Term Paper on Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone »

▪   Interglacials

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Interglacials Interglacials Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The question of when the current interglacial period will end and a new glacial period will begin is of paramount importance when attempting to predict the future of Earth's climate. How does the present climate compare to the climate during other interglacials? Are current temperatures, sea levels, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations unprecedented, or should they be considered within the expected range? When, if ever, is the current interglacial going to end? These are among the important questions that climate science seeks to answer. Ice cores, loess deposits, pollen analysis, and other data and techniques provide information that comes together... Term Paper on Interglacials »

▪   Intergovernmental Panel on Forests

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Intergovernmental Panel on Forests Intergovernmental Panel on Forests Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. As a U.N.-sponsored body on which all United Nations members were entitled to representation, the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) strove to reach a consensus among all its members that could have provided the basis for a world forest convention. Discussions of the role played by forests in controlling climate change, specifically global warming, began in earnest at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place in Rio de Janeiro in June of 1992. This meeting highlighted the existence of two opposing groups in discussions of the role of forests in global warming... Term Paper on Intergovernmental Panel on Forests »

▪   International Atomic Energy Agency

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) promotes the peace, health, and prosperity of the people of the world through the use of atomic (nuclear) energy. The IAEA is independent of the United Nations but reports to the United Nations General Assembly, and if violations involving nuclear materials are detected, it reports to the U.N. Security Council (Fischer, 1997). The agency, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, has over twenty-two hundred trained personnel and their support staff. Member nations pay a fee each year as part of their membership but there is also a voluntary fund, the Technical Cooperation Fund, that is used especially... Term Paper on International Atomic Energy Agency »

▪   Iran and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Iran: Ecology and Global Warming Iran: Ecology and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. In 1979, millions of Iranians succeeded in ousting Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941-1979), the Shah of Iran and son of Reza Khan, who came to power in 1921 via a coup. While the Shah was popular in the West, some believe he tried to modernize Iran too rapidly and did not adequately adapt his political institutions to the economic and social changes that ensued. Inspired by hopes for democracy, economic prosperity for all classes, gender equality, and a leadership that would not allow Iranian culture to be swallowed up by the West, many Iranian women joined the revolt that stunned the world. The Iranian Revolution was led by Ayatollah R. Khomeini... Term Paper on Iran and Climate Change »

▪   Isostasy

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Theory of Isostasy The Theory of Isostasy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The theory of isostasy allows geologists and cryologists to understand the growth or retreat of ice sheets, based upon the movement of the land in response to its increasing or decreasing glacial load. Earth's continental crust floats on a geological layer called the mantle. A continental ice sheet weighs a great deal, so an advancing ice sheet will cause the crust to subside beneath it. When the ice melts, the land it had depressed will rebound upward. These vertical motions of hundreds of meters control the growth and retreat of the glaciers, as well as the directions in which meltwater drainage flows. Models of mantle deformation based on... Term Paper on Isostasy »

▪   Japan and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Japan: Ecology and Global Warming Japan: Ecology and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. A strong Asian island nation fiercely protective of its national identity and independence, Japan always sought to be at least on equal footing with the known leading nations of the ages. Thus, when industrialization with its attendant side effect of massive emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere gave Western nations a decisive military and economic edge by the middle of the nineteenth century, Japan chose to rapidly catch up and industrialize during the Meiji Restoration announced in 1868. On the other hand, when concern for global warming led the leading nations of the world to seek for means to reduce the negative... Term Paper on Japan and Climate Change »

▪   Journalism and Global Warming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Journalism and Journalistic Ethics Journalism and Journalistic Ethics Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The changing nature of journalism, including the competition between objective coverage and advocacy, has played a key role in the public perception of global warming. American journalism is regarded as the Fourth Estate, or a final check and balance on government. Media professionals claim to have evolved a tradition of neutrality in news stories, but both the reality and the ideal of neutrality have been called into question. Journalists themselves are unsure of the role they should play in global warming debates. At the same time, the nature of journalism has blurred with the rise of the Internet and the focus on immediacy in news coverage... Term Paper on Journalism and Global Warming »

▪   Kyoto Protocol

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Kyoto Protocol establishes clear targets for reducing GHG emissions, along with accounting mechanisms that encourage nations to undertake projects that reduce emissions. It balances national economic development plans with emissions reductions and sets up free market mechanisms to achieve the targets set by intergovernmental negotiations. By the early 1990's, anthropogenic emissions had been identified as a significant contributor to the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and to climate changes. Such GHG emissions are generated by industrial activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels for energy, as well as... Term Paper on Kyoto Protocol »

▪   Kyoto Protocol Lands

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Kyoto Protocol Lands Kyoto Protocol Lands Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Kyoto lands are lands within the territory of Kyoto Protocol party nations on which vegetation is planted that acts to sequester carbon. These lands enable protocol parties to earn carbon offset credits to balance their continuing GHG emissions. Forests and other types of vegetation that store or sequester carbons and are increasing in size are considered to be carbon sinks, or reservoirs. In the main, natural carbon sinks include trees, plants, and organisms that use photosynthesis to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by incorporating, or fixing, carbon into biomass as carbohydrates (CHOH)n and releasing oxygen (O2) into the air... Term Paper on Kyoto Protocol Lands »

▪   Land Use and Reclamation

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Land Use and Reclamation Land Use and Reclamation Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Land use and reclamation affect and are affected by climate change in complex ways. The creation of new land from sea- or riverbeds or the restoration of an area to its previous natural state has the potential to shape the complex interaction between land cover and the atmosphere, an interaction that affects climate change as much as do GHG emissions. The different types of land surface affect differently the interaction between the Earth and the atmosphere. Land cover and land-use patterns are affected by the distribution and density of human population, by its activities, and by natural causes. Land-use changes in urban and peri-urban areas... Term Paper on Land Use and Reclamation »

▪   Last Glacial Maximum

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Last Glacial Maximum The Last Glacial Maximum Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Last Glacial Maximum, also called the Wisconsin Glacial Stage, commenced about 35,000 years ago and ended about 12,900 years ago. At that time, the Earth entered the current interglacial stage of warming. The Last Glacial Maximum reached its peak of cold about 20,000 years ago, when the continental glaciers reached their maximum extent of southern advance. In the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum, continental glaciers flowed out over the land surface from three main centers, northern North America, Greenland, and Scandinavia. Much of the Northern Hemisphere was covered with ice, including the northern Atlantic Ocean... Term Paper on Last Glacial Maximum »

▪   Lavoisier Group

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Lavoisier Group The Lavoisier Group Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Lavoisier Group is an independent, nonprofit organization that aims to promote debate within Australia on the science of global warming and climate change and the perceived need to reduce fossil fuel consumption through national and international regulation. The group's activities are motivated by the belief that some of the science on which national and international climate policy is based is not beyond reproach (Botterill, 2003). In light of this belief, the organization encourages dialogue within Australia on the scientific merits of climate policies and agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol, as well as their economic... Term Paper on Lavoisier Group »

▪   Libertarianism and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Libertarianism and Global Warming Libertarianism and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Libertarianism is a political philosophy that champions individual rights and is suspicious of government restrictions on private property. Many libertarians are skeptical of the scientific basis of belief in anthropogenic climate change. Other libertarians endorse the scientific claims but favor voluntary private-sector efforts at mitigation and adaptation. Libertarianism is a political philosophy rooted in individual liberty. It stands in contrast to other political philosophies that place the interests of the nation, state, or other collective group above the interests of the individuals composing the group. There is no... Term Paper on Libertarianism and Climate Change »

▪   Liming

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Soil Liming Soil Liming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Liming is the addition of calcium and magnesium to soil to neutralize acidity and increase the activity of soil bacteria. The amount of lime needed to reach the desired acidity depends on the pH and the buffering capacity of the soil. The pH is a measurement of acidity or alkalinity. Buffering capacity refers to the soil's ability to resist change to its pH. Additionally, liming improves nutrient efficiency by encouraging fertilizer uptake. However, there are important limits to liming, as oversupply may cause harm to plant life (Axelrod, 2004). The most common liming materials come from grinding natural limestone. Limestone is composed mostly of calcium... Term Paper on Liming »

▪   Lithosphere

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Earth's Lithosphere Earth's Lithosphere Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Besides compositional classification, the Earth is separated into layers based on mechanical properties. The topmost layer is called the lithosphere, composed of tectonic plates that float on top of another layer known as the asthenosphere. The term lithosphere is derived from the Greek words lithos, meaning rock, and sfaira, or sphere. The rigid, brittle lithosphere extends about 70 kilometers and is made up of Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle underneath. It is broken into a mosaic of rigid plates that move parallel across the Earth's surface relative to each other. The lithosphere rests on a relatively ductile, partially molten layer known... Term Paper on Lithosphere »

▪   Louisiana Coast

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Louisiana Coast Louisiana Coast Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The southern third of Louisiana lies no more than 7.6 meters above sea level, and the extensive salt marshes on the central and western coast average less than 1 meter above sea level. Much of the city of New Orleans is below sea level. This land is highly susceptible to the consequences of rising sea levels and increased storm intensity associated with global warming. New Orleans was founded in 1718 on a crescent of land on the east bank of the Mississippi River that was considered high enough to be safe from tidal surges and hurricanes. This high ground, about 5 meters above sea level, was a natural levee produced by sediment deposited during annual floods... Term Paper on Louisiana Coast »

▪   Mangroves and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Mangroves and Global Warming Mangroves and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Mangroves are both a genus of tropical and subtropical trees, the Rhizophora, and the family of plants to which the genus belongs, the Rhizophoracae. The term most commonly refers to an assemblage of mangrove trees and other associated trees and shrubs that includes more than one hundred species. Such an assemblage may also be called a mangrove swamp, a mangrove forest, or a mangal. Mangroves occur in shallow, protected coastal waters, such as flats in intertidal zones, bays, and estuaries in the tropics and subtropics. They cannot survive freezing or even consistently cold water. They are usually canopied forests up to about 10 meters tall... Term Paper on Mangroves and Climate Change »

▪   Maritime Climate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Maritime Climate Change Maritime Climate Change Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Maritime climates are generally considered to be those that are moderated by the sea. However, a true maritime climate is in most cases a climate in which it is neither very warm nor very cold, with adequate rainfall throughout most of the year. A typical maritime climate occurs on the coast of Oregon and Washington in the United States, in many parts of New Zealand, in Tasmania, and in much of Western Europe. Although surrounded by the sea, tropical islands are not normally considered to have a maritime climate but rather a tropical climate. True maritime climates usually have winter daytime temperatures of about 15œ Celsius and winter nighttime... Term Paper on Maritime Climate »

▪   Mass Balance

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Mass Balance Mass Balance Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Generally, mass balance refers to the net sum between the input and loss of mass to a reservoir. In glaciology, the term refers to the balance between the loss and gain of ice from a glacier, ice cap, or ice sheet. When more ice is gained than lost, the result is a positive mass balance and the overall growth of the ice body. A negative mass balance occurs when more ice is lost than is gained and the ice body shrinks. Several other terms are used to specify the gain or loss of glacial ice. "Total mass balance" refers to the total net gain or loss of ice from an entire glacier over a single hydrologic cycle (Axelrod, 2004). "Specific mass balance," by contrast... Term Paper on Mass Balance »

▪   Mean Sea Level

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Mean Sea Level Mean Sea Level Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Sea level is the height of the surface of the ocean at any given location. Sea level is highly variable and can undergo very rapid changes due to such events as tides, tsunamis, changes in barometric pressure, wind-generated waves, and even freshwater floods. While these events can produce changes in sea level of several meters, they are local in scale and of a very short duration, generally lasting only for hours. Mean sea level is the average, global height of the sea surface, independent of these local, short- term changes. Changes in mean sea level are on the order of a few millimeters per year. Mean sea level at specific locations can be calculated using... Term Paper on Mean Sea Level »

▪   Mediterranean Climate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Mediterranean Climate Mediterranean Climate Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Climate is the long-term average weather of a particular location. A Mediterranean climate is characterized by wet winters and dry summers, with mild winter and hot summer temperatures. This type of climate covers just under 2 percent of Earth's land area. It is found only in the middle latitudes (around 35œ to 45œ north or south latitude) and near an ocean or the Mediterranean Sea. Most of the area included in this climatic zone is the Mediterranean Sea basin, for which it was named. Other Mediterranean climate regions include the coastal regions of central and southern California, central Chile, the west side of the tip of South Africa... Term Paper on Mediterranean Climate »

▪   Megacities and Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Megacities and Global Warming Megacities and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Megacities are vast population centers with equally great effects upon local climate. They both concentrate and require significant amounts of resources, posing unique challenges for sustainability and environmentalism generally. A megacity is a city with a population greater than 10 million. When cities such as Mexico City, Los Angeles, or Hong Kong get this large, it becomes difficult to determine their precise boundaries or true population. The U.S. Census Bureau and the United Nations often disagree in nonsystematic ways about the population of some of the world's largest cities, and the discrepancies between their estimates can represent... Term Paper on Megacities and Climate Change »

▪   Mesosphere

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Earth's Mesosphere Earth's Mesosphere Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The mesosphere is the region of the atmosphere extending from the top of the stratopause (about 50 kilometers high) to the bottom of the mesopauselower thermosphere boundary (MLT), about 100 kilometers high. It is the coldest region of the atmosphere. The warmest temperatures in the mesosphere are found just above the stratopause, where air temperatures may be as high as ?5œ Celsius. Mesospheric temperatures decrease with increasing altitude, with the lowest temperatures, around 125œ Celsius, occurring during summer at the mesopause (Arnold, 2002). The natural source of water in the mesosphere is oxidation of methane. Atmospheric concentrations... Term Paper on Mesosphere »

▪   Methane

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Methane as a Greenhouse Gas Methane as a Greenhouse Gas Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Methane is among the six GHGs restricted under the Kyoto Protocol. Its global warming potential is more than twenty times that of CO2. Methane is a colorless, odorless gas with the molecular formula CH4. It is the main chemical component of natural gas (accounting for 70-90 percent of such gas). Natural gas makes up to 20 percent of the U.S. energy supply. Methane was discovered by the Italian scientist Alessandro Volta, who collected it from marsh sediments and demonstrated that it was flammable. He called it "combustible air." As with all greenhouse gases (GHGs), methane in the atmosphere acts similarly to glass in a greenhouse... Term Paper on Methane »

▪   Microwave Sounding Unit

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Microwave Sounding Units Microwave Sounding Units Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. A microwave sounding unit sounds (produces a profile of) the temperature and the moisture levels in the atmosphere. The first microwave sounding units were placed on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites in 1978. In 1998, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units replaced the older units. The satellites are polar-orbiting and synchronous with the sun. The satellites will make about sixteen orbits in twenty-four hours. The instruments make a scan every eight seconds, during which time the point on the surface below the satellite will have moved by 45 kilometers. During six of the eight seconds, the AMSU-A instrument is making... Term Paper on Microwave Sounding Unit »

▪   Milutin Milankovic

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Milutin Milankovic Milutin Milankovic Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Milankovic produced a curve demonstrating the variation in intensity of summer sunlight over the past 600,000 years. Once established, the curve enabled scientific exploration of past and future relationships between solar radiation, eccentricity, and climate. Milutin Milankovi6 is credited with developing the concept of astronomical cycles that affect global climate and the timing of ice ages. In December, 1904, he received a doctorate of technical science from the Vienna University of Technology. Late in 1909, he was offered a professorship at the University of Belgrade, where for almost a half century, he would lecture on rational mechanics, theoretical physics... Term Paper on Milutin Milankovic »

▪   Monsoons

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Monsoons Monsoons Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Monsoons are seasonal changes in surface wind and precipitation patterns over the tropical and subtropical continents and surrounding oceans. These changes are due to the differences in thermal properties between land and ocean that give rise to different responses to seasonal changes in insolation. The specific heat of land is typically less than that of ocean. That is, it requires less thermal energy to raise the temperature of a given amount of land by a given amount than it does to raise the temperature of the same amount of ocean by the same amount. As a result, the summer Sun warms the land more quickly and to a greater extent than it warms the oceans... Term Paper on Monsoons »

▪   Motor Vehicles

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Cars and Motor Vehicles Effects on Global Warming Cars and Motor Vehicles Effects on Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Passenger vehicles in the United States by 2007 accounted for 40 percent of the country's oil consumption and 10 percent of the world's consumption. Cars and trucks used in the United States burned 15 percent of the world's annual oil production. Motor vehicles consume one-third of the world's oil production. The number of automobiles has been increasing more quickly than population, especially in countries that have just begun to experience widespread industrial development, such as India and China. The tailpipes of motorized vehicles also emit 47 percent of North America's nitrous oxide, a primary component of ozone in.. Term Paper on Motor Vehicles »

▪   NIPCC

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change The Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) is an international panel of nongovernmental scientists and scholars assembled to address the causes and consequences of global climate change. The NIPCC was established by the Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP). The SEPP was founded in 1990 by eminent atmospheric physicist (and former director of the United States Weather Satellite Service) S. Fred Singer, on the premise that sound, credible science must form the basis for health and environmental decisions that affect millions of people and cost tens of billions of dollars every year. NIPCC set... Term Paper on NIPCC »

▪   National Center for Policy Analysis

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) The National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. An American nonprofit conservative think tank, the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) promotes an environmental regulation program that seeks to solve problems by relying on a competitive private sector rather than on government control and regulation. The NCPA maintains offices in Dallas, Texas, and Washington, D.C. Well over half of its funding comes from foundations, with the rest from corporations and individuals. Acting as an organizer for other conservative groups, the NCPA also conducts its own free-market-oriented analysis of various issues. The NCPA's E-Team focuses on environmental policy. The individuals who form the... Term Paper on National Center for Policy Analysis »

▪   National Research Council

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The National Research Council (NRC) The National Research Council (NRC) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The National Research Council (NRC) is the operating arm of the United States National Academies of Science. It was established in 1916 and made permanent by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918. The National Academies of Science include the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM). These are private, nonprofit organizations chartered to provide policy advice to the federal government on science, technology, and medicine. They provide this policy guidance through the six divisions of the NRC. For global warming questions, most of these activities are carried out through the... Term Paper on National Research Council »

▪   Netherlands Ecology

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Netherlands: Ecology and Global Warming Impact Netherlands: Ecology and Global Warming Impact Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. By the seventeenth century, the Netherlands was playing a major role in the world's economy. The creation of the Dutch East India Company established the country as one of the major seafaring and trading powers. The mercantile class became extremely influential in all aspects of the country's life. The Netherlands' major trade rival was England and the competition between the countries led to the Dutch Wars, which were resolved in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda. England recognized the Netherlands' right to the Dutch East Indies. During this period, the Netherlands' capital city of Amsterdam became the site of the first stock... Term Paper on Netherlands Ecology »

▪   Nitrogen Cycle

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Nitrogen Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The nitrogen cycle is a natural process by which nitrogen in the air moves into the soil, is utilized by living organisms, and returns to the air. Organisms need nitrogen to make macromolecules, including amino acids and nucleic acids. Air is 79 percent nitrogen gas (N2).N2 has a triple bond, making it relatively inert and unable to be used by most organisms. Nitrogen fixation, converting N2 to NH4+ (an ammonium ion), is carried out by Rhizobium bacteria, which live in root nodules of host plants of the legume family such as peas, beans, and clover. Bacteria get carbohydrates from the plant, and the plant uses some of the ammonium the bacteria fix... Term Paper on Nitrogen Cycle »

▪   Nitrous Oxide

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxide Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. A colorless gas with a sweet odor, nitrous oxide is one of the many oxides of nitrogen. Sometimes called laughing gas, funny gas, nitrogen suboxide, or dinitrogen monoxide, it was first manufactured by Joseph Priestley, an English chemist, in 1775. It can be used to render a person insensible to pain in short surgical procedures; if inhaled for too long a period, it will cause death. It is also used as a propellant in aerosols and as an oxidizer to increase a racing-car engine's power output. Nitrous oxide is a trace gas produced by human industrial activity that affects the environment as do the other greenhouse gases (GHGs) and, as such, is limited by the Kyoto Protocol... Term Paper on Nitrous Oxide »

▪   Nonlinear Processes

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Nonlinear Processes Nonlinear Processes Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. In science, a process is a series of changes of one or more variables that represent properties or states of an object or a system. Examples of physical, chemical, and biological processes include evaporation, land erosion, oxidation, cell division, germination, dispersion, growth, accumulation, and global warming. In addition to the processes themselves, the study of the relationship between causes and effects of changes accounts for a major portion of scientific research. There are many ways to classify a process, based on properties of the process itself or the cause-effect relationship behind it. For example, a process can be continuous or discrete... Term Paper on Nonlinear Processes »

▪   North Korean Ecology

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on North Korea: Ecology and Global Warming Impact North Korea: Ecology and Global Warming Impact Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. In the aftermath of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into two countries in accordance with a United Nations arrangement. North of the 38th parallel, the North Korean government, or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), was formally established in 1948. The Korean Workers Party, supported by the Soviet Union, became a ruling party. The government established a centralizing system and nationalized all properties. Economic activities were conducted under state control. In June, 1950, North Korea entered the Korean War against South Korea, and the war lasted until July, 1953. After the war, the government emphasized heavy... Term Paper on North Korean Ecology »

▪   Nuclear Energy

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Nuclear energy may offer a partial alternative to fossil fuels. Nuclear power generates no GHGs, but adequate measures to dispose of nuclear waste have yet to be developed, and the long lead time required to construct a nuclear power plant precludes using nuclear energy as a global replacement for GHG-emitting energy sources in the short term. Since the 1950's, countries such as the United States, the Soviet Union (now Russia), and France have relied on nuclear power as an energy source. Electric power is generated in nuclear power plants by fission reactors that heat water to turn turbines. Nuclear fission produces no greenhouse gases (GHGs). Mining uranium... Term Paper on Nuclear Energy »

▪   OPEC

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. OPEC promotes the use of petroleum and attempts to make oil production profitable for its member countries. Petroleum is one of the three fossil fuels contributing to an increase in atmospheric CO2, which is a key factor in global warming. Meeting in Baghdad, Iraq, September 10-14, 1960, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The organization is often referred to as a cartel, with the aim of coordinating petroleum production and policies. Through these actions, the members hope to achieve maximum economic return, without causing a decrease... Term Paper on OPEC »

▪   Ocean Acidification

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Ocean Acidification Ocean Acidification Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Ocean acidification describes the decrease in pH of the oceans due to increased concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a trace gas found in the atmosphere. The concentration of dissolved oceanic CO2 is in equilibrium with the gas's atmospheric concentration, such that an increase in the atmospheric concentration leads to an increase in the dissolved concentration, and vice versa. Throughout geologic time, atmospheric CO2 reflected a balance between various sources and sinks found on land and in the oceans--such as photosynthesis, respiration, chemical weathering of rocks and burial of organic and inorganic carbon. Since the onset of the industrial... Term Paper on Ocean Acidification »

▪   Ocean Disposal

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Ocean Disposal Ocean Disposal Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Ocean disposal ranges from dumping toxic chemicals, sewage, dredge spoils (material removed during dredging), and bilge water to accidental spills from oil tankers. Dumping of waste and dredge spoils has long been a part of the United States' waste process, as it provides an economically viable option for disposing millions of metric tons of waste. Dumping waste into the oceans has increasingly been shown to adversely affect aquatic ecosystems and contribute to global warming. There are strict ocean disposal regulations in the United States, including the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972 and the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972; nevertheless... Term Paper on Ocean Disposal »

▪   Ocean Life

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Ocean Life Ocean Life Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Oceans, which cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface, respond more slowly than land to global warming. This warming, however, may cause damage to Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems due to melting sea ice, bleaching and die-off of reef corals, disruption of ocean currents, and shifting predator-prey relationships favoring reduced biodiversity. Long-term effects could include massive extinctions due to changes in seawater chemistry. Until quite recently, scientists and the general public considered the Earth's oceans to be impervious to anthropogenic degradation. Oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface and account for a little less than half of its primary productivity... Term Paper on Ocean Life »

▪   Offsetting

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Offsetting Offsetting Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Offsetting is the practice of compensating for pollution from one source or location by reducing or mitigating pollution from another--for example, planting trees to offset carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from vehicle use. Individuals have become more conscious of their possible impact on global climate (referred to as their "carbon footprint"), as well as of the difficulties of reducing GHG emissions. Thus, an idea has emerged that increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a given source can be mitigated--or "offset"--by parallel activities to decrease emissions from another source or to remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in sinks. Using vegetation... Term Paper on Offsetting »

▪   Oil Industry Corporations

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Diversification, Mergers, and the Western Oil Corporations Diversification, Mergers, and the Western Oil Corporations Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. When OPEC took over the international oil market in 1973, the possibility remained of discussing Western oil companies in the terminology that had been used for half a century. There were the "majors," the Seven Sisters, and then there were the "independents," that is, the comparatively small producers that included enterprises from family operations like Krumme Oil in Oklahoma to large, multinational oil companies like Getty Oil and Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO). During the high-price energy era of the 1970's and early years of the following decade, all these companies reaped large profits, and the majors... Term Paper on Oil Industry Corporations »

▪   Oxygen Isotopes

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Oxygen Isotopes Oxygen Isotopes Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. All atoms of a chemical element contain the same number of protons, but they may contain different numbers of neutrons and thus have different masses. Forms of elements with differing masses are called isotopes. Oxygen in nature always has eight protons, but it may have eight, nine, or ten neutrons for a total mass of 16, 17, or 18. Out of every 100,000 oxygen atoms, almost all are oxygen 16 (O16). Only 205 are oxygen 18 (O18), and only 38 are oxygen 17 (O17). Isotopes of an element are chemically identical, but since they differ in mass, atoms of lighter isotopes move more readily than heavier ones. Chemical and physical processes can partially sort... Term Paper on Oxygen Isotopes »

▪   Paleoclimates

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Paleoclimates and Paleoclimate Change Paleoclimates and Paleoclimate Change Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Reconstructing climates from the Earth's geologic past and human prehistory provides a context for evaluating the extent to which the present global warming trend is an anthropogenic phenomenon. Paleoclimatic records also allow projections of the impacts of global warming on natural ecosystems and human society. The Earth's climate has not been uniform in geologic or even historic time. Climatic changes form the backdrop for much of human prehistory and are viewed by some as a driving force in the rise and fall of civilizations. Looking further back into the geologic record, the abrupt transitions between eras indicate periods of rapid... Term Paper on Paleoclimates »

▪   Particulates

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Particulate Matter Particulate Matter Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Particulates, also known as particulate matter, are fine particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in a gaseous medium. The particulates and the gas medium are collectively referred to as an aerosol. Particulates can be of natural or anthropogenic origin. Natural sources of particulates include volcanoes, dust storms, and fires, while anthropogenic sources include by-products of industrial processes, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Particulates are known contributory factors of climate change. Anthropogenic aerosols affect the climate by altering the atmospheric radiation field through scattering and absorption mechanisms. Aerosols can both absorb... Term Paper on Particulates »

▪   Penguins

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Penguins Penguins Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Penguins are aquatic, flightless birds that strictly inhabit the Southern Hemisphere. Though popularly associated with Antarctica, penguins inhabit all southern continents, extending as far north as the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. In fact, only a few penguin species live in the southernmost regions, and at least ten species live in the temperate zone. Most penguins spend half of their lives on land and half in the oceans. They feed on small marine creatures such as krill, fish, and squid while swimming underwater. Cold-species penguins are dependent on Antarctic ice, so temperature increases that thin ice shelves, which are important breeding... Term Paper on Penguins »

▪   Permafrost

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Permafrost Permafrost Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Permafrost is permanently frozen ground, including soil, sediment, or rock. In order to be considered permafrost, the ground must remain below freezing for at least two consecutive years. Permafrost can persist for tens of thousands of years or more. Depending on the ground temperature, permafrost can be either continuous or sporadic. Permafrost is composed of different layers. Seasonal frost, which thaws during warmer times of the year, is generally present on top of permafrost and is called the "active layer." In the Arctic zone, permafrost may extend more than 100 meters below an active layer. Sometimes, a layer of unfrozen ground, called a "talik," is sandwiched between... Term Paper on Permafrost »

▪   Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Ocean Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Ocean Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed exclusively from the elements hydrogen and carbon and are straight-chain, branched, or cyclic molecules. The types of carbon-to-carbon bonds in hydrocarbons range from single to triple. Very low mass hydrocarbons are gases. Liquid and solid hydrocarbons spread out as a floating layer, if less dense than ocean water, or sink below the ocean's surface, if more dense. Hydrocarbons in the ocean originate from point and nonpoint sources. Point sources include oil spills from vessels, facilities, pipelines, and rivers. In 2007, 10.6 million liters of oil were released near South Korea in a barge accident. In 2005... Term Paper on Petroleum Hydrocarbons »

▪   Phosphorus Cycle

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Phosphorus Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The chemical element phosphorus is essential for terrestrial life. Plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms use phosphorus for intercellular signaling. They also use it to make membrane lipids that compose the cell membrane; molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that store usable chemical energy and transfer it from one reaction to another; and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which store genetic information. Some animals also use phosphorus to make bones and teeth. The phosphorus cycle is a biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through rocks, living organisms, and water. Because phosphorus... Term Paper on Phosphorus Cycle »

▪   Plankton

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Plankton Plankton Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Plankton (from the Greek planktos, or wanderer) comprise a vast assortment of life-forms with limited or no swimming power that largely drift in the ocean. They are divided into the plantlike phytoplankton and the animal-like zooplankton. Phytoplankton comprise at least four thousand species of plants that, as on land, use sunlight in the process of photosynthesis to generate sugars and other high-energy organic compounds. They live in the ocean's euphotic zone, the sunlit upper layer, which is only tens of meters deep. Phytoplankton range in size from microscopic to a millimeter in length and include single-celled organisms and tiny clumps of algae. Because the ocean covers... Term Paper on Plankton »

▪   Pleistocene Climate

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Pleistocene Climate Pleistocene Climate Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. During the Pleistocene epoch, major climatic fluctuations, including the advance and retreat of continental glaciers, were influenced by small variations in the amount of solar energy reaching high latitudes in the summer. Determining the details of this influence has major implications for scientists' ability to predict future climate change. Characterized by repeated cycles of glacial cold and interglacial warmth, Pleistocene climate was always changing. Scientists believe that the timing of these changes was controlled by periodic variations in the orbit of the Earth. They are still trying to figure out how the small changes produced by these variations... Term Paper on Pleistocene Climate »

▪   Polar Bears

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Polar Bears Polar Bears Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The polar bear has become an icon of global warming. In 1973, the five "polar bear nations" (the United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the former Soviet Union) agreed to limit polar bear hunting to the Inuit and other native peoples. The bear population recovered, only to face a new threat: global climate change. Changes in sea ice, permafrost, and prey species in the Arctic and subarctic are linked to reduced body condition and smaller litter size in polar bears. In western Hudson Bay, long-term studies conducted by wildlife biologist Ian Stirling of the Canadian Wildlife Service and his colleagues document climate warming and a significant reduction... Term Paper on Polar Bears »

▪   Polar Stratospheric Clouds

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Polar Stratospheric Clouds Polar Stratospheric Clouds Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Polar stratospheric clouds (referred to as "PSCs" by scientists and called nacreous clouds by the general public) form in the lower stratosphere between heights of 15 kilometers and 25 kilometers in the lee of high-latitude mountain ranges in winter. Ice crystals and particles composing the visible cloud are of uniform size, about 10 micrometers in diameter. After sunset, light from the Sun below the horizon continues to illuminate particles within PSCs, producing iridescent bright red and blue coloration zones in the clouds. Colorful PSC displays are most frequently photographed before dawn and after sunset when they appear in Oslo, Norway... Term Paper on Polar Stratospheric Clouds »

▪   Pollen Analysis

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Pollen Analysis Pollen Analysis Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Pollen grains are produced by seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), and they range in size from 10 to 100 microns. They contain undeveloped male gametophytes that are surrounded by a complex protective wall. Depending on the species that produces it, the pollen may or may not yet contain sperm. Most insect-pollinated plants produce small quantities of pollen because insects are efficient dispersers of pollen, so relatively little is wasted or released into the air. On the other hand, wind-pollinated plants produce large quantities of pollen because of the low probability that any given grain will land on another flower. Many forest trees (including pines, oaks... Term Paper on Pollen Analysis »

▪   Popular Culture

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Popular Culture and Global Warming Popular Culture and Global Warming Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Popular and scientific conceptions of global warming have often diverged. Popular portrayals of global warming have been shaped by political agendas, commercial interests of both fiction and nonfiction content producers (including the news media), and incomplete understandings based on fragmentary data. These popular potrayals and viewpoints have influenced political rhetoric and action, including some legislative initiatives. A popular ecological mind-set was put into place by such pioneering 1960's best sellers as Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962), although the mindset's ideological roots could be said to go back much further, to the Enlightenment... Term Paper on Popular Culture »

▪   Portfolio Analysis

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Portfolios of Policies, Approaches, or Technologies Portfolios of Policies, Approaches, or Technologies Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Around 2001, reports and publications about climate change began referring to a broad or diverse portfolio of policies, approaches, or technologies for coping with climate change. Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a 2001 report listing portfolio theory as a potential tool of analysis. This report's description of portfolio theory highlighted the weighing of options by their risks and expected returns, consideration of budget, and arrival at a portfolio of options providing the highest anticipated returns for the lowest level of risk. In the early 1970's, when large... Term Paper on Portfolio Analysis »

▪   Precautionary Approach

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Precautionary Approach The Precautionary Approach Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The precautionary approach, or precautionary principle, is a major principle of environmental policy in the presence of fundamental uncertainties. It can be traced to the early 1950's, when economist Sigfried von Ciriacy-Wantrup advocated a "safe minimum standard of conservation" as a policy goal. It can now be found in many international and national policy documents and conventions. Uncertainties are the result of a lack of scientific knowledge or final proof of the consequences of human activities. Many of the effects of human consumption and production on both human and environmental health, including Earth's climate, are not yet known with... Term Paper on Precautionary Approach »

▪   Pseudoscience and Junk Science

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Pseudoscience and Junk Science Pseudoscience and Junk Science Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Many ideas that are presented in popular media as science are actually false or very poorly supported by evidence. These pseudoscientific ideas can be used both as general disinformation and for specific practical purposes, such as winning a court case or influencing legislation. Many people assume that any idea that claims to be science actually is science; they find the very existence of pseudoscience surprising. Pseudoscience is more than merely wrong or unsupported science. Merely being wrong or speculative does not make an idea pseudoscience. Speculation is a legitimate part of science, and many ideas in science that initially look... Term Paper on Pseudoscience and Junk Science »

▪   Radiative Forcing

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Radiative Forcing Radiative Forcing Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Earth's radiative forcing is the change over time of the net difference between the amount of the planet's incoming radiation energy and the amount of its outgoing radiation energy (the net irradiance). This differential is measured at the tropopause, the boundary in the atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. When there is more incoming than outgoing radiation energy, corresponding to positive radiative forcing, the average temperature of the Earth rises. When there is more outgoing than incoming radiation energy (negative radiative forcing), the average temperature decreases. Changes in radiation forcing can be produced by a variety of agents... Term Paper on Radiative Forcing »

▪   Ramsar Convention

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Ramsar Convention The Ramsar Convention Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Signed by eighteen nations in 1971, the Ramsar Convention was the first international treaty on environmental conservation. Although its original mission was to conserve wetlands "as a contribution toward achieving sustainable development throughout the world," its efforts have expanded to consider the importance of wetlands in global climate change. International organizations, including the International Union for Conservation of Nature, have worked to protect waterfowl since the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1962, Luc Hoffman and several international conservation groups called for an international convention on wetlands (DiMento, 2007)... Term Paper on Ramsar Convention »

▪   Religious Right

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Religious Right The Religious Right Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Religious Right is a loose, informal group of Christians and Jews who base political conservatism in religious doctrine. Americans classified as members of the Religious Right have split in their responses to reports of global warming, with some emphasizing the divine command to tend the Earth and others, while acknowledging their duty as caretakers, emphasizing the dominion God granted humans over other creatures. Jews and Christians recognize Genesis as the first book of Scripture. It contains, according to many scholars, two consecutive accounts of Creation. In the older, a verse gives the prelapsarian intent of God for human beings: "And the LORD God took... Term Paper on Religious Right »

▪   Reservoirs, Pools, and Stocks

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Reservoirs, Pools, and Stocks Reservoirs, Pools, and Stocks Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Reservoirs, pools, and stocks are designations used in box models. A box model is a simplified version of a complex system, in which various parts of that system are reduced to boxes that are linked by fluxes. A reservoir is any box within that system that can accumulate, store, or release the substance of interest. In box models of the global carbon system, the oceans, terrestrial plants, soil, and rocks are examples of reservoirs. The atmosphere is typically not considered to be a reservoir. "Pool" is a term that is synonymous with "reservoir" but can include the atmosphere. Stocks are the actual accumulations of the substance of interest. Thus... Term Paper on Reservoirs, Pools, and Stocks »

▪   Roger Revelle

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Roger Revelle Roger Revelle Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. In an article coauthored with Hans Seuss in 1957, Revelle proposed the idea of the greenhouse effect, indicating that this phenomenon would lead eventually to global warming. Later in his career, Revelle served on the faculty of Harvard University, where he taught Al Gore, among others. Roger Revelle was born in Seattle, Washington, on March 7, 1909. He received a bachelor's degree in geology in 1929 from Pomona College and then attended the University of California at Berkeley, receiving a Ph.D. in oceanography in 1936 (Dorfman, 1997). After completing his studies, Revelle went to work at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, leaving briefly to serve... Term Paper on Roger Revelle »

▪   Rural Air Quality

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Rural Air Quality Rural Air Quality Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Pollutants affecting the quality of rural air include particulate matter, ozone, and emissions from industries, power plants, and vehicles. Air in rural areas is also polluted with dust from unpaved roads, livestock gases, and agricultural products containing ammonia, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and other toxic chemicals. Urban emissions transported by wind currents also pollute rural air. Medical professionals identify health risks associated with rural residents' contact with harmful pollutants in air they breathe. Local, state, and national governments worldwide consider strategies to control rural air pollution and restrict emissions. The U.S... Term Paper on Rural Air Quality »

▪   Sahara Desert

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Sahara Desert The Sahara Desert Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest warm desert region and covers an area of approximately 9 million square kilometers, from the Atlantic coast of Africa to the Red Sea and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Niger River and the margins of the Ethiopian highlands. Most of the Sahara Desert experiences an arid or hyperarid climate, with scant precipitation. Rainfall is mainly from winter cyclonic storms on its northern margins, whereas the southern Sahara receives summer monsoonal rainfall. The history of climate change and variability in the Sahara is a clear indication of the sensitivity of a major desert region to climate change on all timescales... Term Paper on Sahara Desert »

▪   Saltwater Intrusion

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Saltwater Intrusion Saltwater Intrusion Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Under normal conditions, freshwater prevents salt water from encroaching on coastal aquifers. Along coastlines, freshwater and salt water are in equilibrium, such that less dense freshwater floats on more dense salt water. The interface between freshwater and salt water is maintained near the coast and below land surface. Saltwater intrusion happens when seawater flows into coastal freshwater as a result of changes in the elevation of groundwater near the coasts. Hydraulically connected groundwater and seawater may change their elevation gradient direction as a result of changes in water storage due to pumping and droughts or due to sea-level rise... Term Paper on Saltwater Intrusion »

▪   Science and Public Policy Institute

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on The Science and Public Policy Institute (SPPI) The Science and Public Policy Institute (SPPI) Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Science and Public Policy Institute (SPPI) is a global warming skeptic organization that focuses its efforts on research and education surrounding advancement of public policies for energy and the environment. The SPPI was formerly known as the Center for Science and Public Policy for the Frontiers of Freedom, which was founded by former Republican senator and directing member of the El Paso Natural Gas Company Malcolm Wallop in February of 1995 (Axelrod, 2004). As of 2008, the organization's executive director was Robert Ferguson, former chief of staff to several Republican members of Congress. The SPPI's membership includes prominent... Term Paper on Science and Public Policy Institute »

▪   Scientific Credentials

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Scientific Credentials Scientific Credentials Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Scientific credentials include academic degrees, institutional affiliations, scholarly publications, grants, and awards. They are used to establish expertise, entitling one's opinions on scientific issues to special attention from professional colleagues, policy makers, and the public. In light of disagreements about the existence, causes, and importance of global warming, there has been debate over whose opinions should be taken seriously. Scientists are frequently invited to speak outside their field, especially by journalists who may see little difference (for their purposes) between one expert and another. As citizens, scientists of course... Term Paper on Scientific Credentials »

▪   Scientific Understanding

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Level of Scientific Understanding Level of Scientific Understanding Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific body that represents a hybrid of science and government. Its members strive for maximum reliability in their measurements, but they are keenly aware of the virtual impossibility of reaching that goal. Earth's climate is simply too vast a system to allow for carefully controlled experiments. Rather than ignore the problem, IPCC workers have designed a compromise system that specifies the degree to which workers in the field are confident of the validity of reported data. A level of scientific understanding (LOSU) designation is applied to assessments of each of the... Term Paper on Scientific Understanding »

▪   Security Risks

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Global Warming and Security Risks Global Warming and Security Risks Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. The IPCC projects that many areas of the globe will experience more frequent and intense extreme weather events and natural disasters, including droughts, heat waves, wildfires, flash floods, and storms. Disasters have dramatic impacts on human lives, generate rising economic and social costs, cause large numbers of fatalities, and temporarily impair or collapse state functions. Regions at high risk from storm and flood disasters generally have weak economic and political capacities, making adaptation and crisis management more difficult. Storm and flood disasters along the densely populated east coasts of India and China could cause major damage... Term Paper on Security Risks »

▪   Svante August Arrhenius - The Father of Climate Change

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Svante August Arrhenius - The Father of Climate Change Term Paper on Svante August Arrhenius, Custom Essays and Research Papers Writing on Global Warming. A surveyor's son and a child prodigy who was reading and calculating by age three, Svante August Arrhenius was a brilliant student throughout his education in Uppsala, Sweden, at the elementary, high school, and university levels. After receiving his bachelor's degree from Uppsala University, Arrhenius traveled in 1881 to Stockholm, where, at the Physical Institute of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, he began his lifelong interest in the conductivities of such electrolytes as sodium chloride. Besides an experimental section dealing with electrolytic conductivities, his doctoral dissertation contained a theoretical portion in which he... Term Paper on Svante August Arrhenius - The Father of Climate Change »

▪   Thomas Malthus

Essay, Research Paper: Research Paper on Thomas Robert Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus Research Paper, Custom Essays and Term Papers Writing on Global Warming. Thomas Malthus hypothesized that, while food supplies increase only in an arithmetical progression, populations increase in a geometric progression. Thus, as both entities increase, the food supply would become insufficient for the population, resulting in famines and increased poverty. Malthus's predictions failed to materialize but may become relevant in the context of global warming. The British demographer and political economist Thomas Robert Malthus was born in 1766. Malthus was homeschooled until he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1784. He studied English, Latin, and Greek, but his main interest was math. Receiving a master's degree in 1791... Term Paper on Thomas Malthus »

Don't hesitate!