Martin Buber (1878-1965) was a German philosopher, Jewish theologian, and Zionist activist. In 1898, Buber joined the Zionist movement that strove to establish a Jewish homeland in Israel. Connected with his vision of an ideal Jewish nation was his book Paths in Utopia (1949), which examined the communitarian, decentralized aspects of the socialist theoretical tradition and partly implemented in the modern Israeli society.

Most of Buber's writings were on religion, and they influenced both Judaism and Protestant Christianity, especially his book I and Thou (1937). From 1916 to 1924, he edited a German Jewish journal Der Jude. He taught theology and ethics at Frankfurt University. With the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany in the 1930s, systematic persecution of Jews began, forcing Buber to leave the country. He assumed a professorship at the University of Jerusalem.

Buber's political thought, representative of some leftist Israeli ideology, grows out of his activist mysticism that strives to infuse spiritual values into daily life.

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