Pursuant to the Appeasement Policy advocated by British prime minister Neville Chamberlain after the German annexation of Austria (Anschluss) in March 1938 and Adolf Hitler's demand for the annexation of the Czech Sudetenland, Chamberlain agreed to a four-power conference proposed by Italy's Benito Mussolini. The conference took place in Munich on September 29-30, 1938, and included Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, and French prime minister Edouard Daladier. President Franklin D. Roosevelt did nothing more than send a message to the principals on September 26, rather lamely reminding them that, by virtue of having signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, they had agreed to refrain from going to war with each other. No representative from the Soviet Union was invited to the conference, and while two Czech diplomats were called to Munich, they were not permitted to attend the conference, but were held under guard by the Gestapo until the morning of September 30, when they were summoned to hear what the four powers in attendance had decided in their absence.

They had decided that the German army was to take over the Sudetenland--the largely Germanspeaking frontier areas of Czechoslovakia--by the beginning of October, including the military and industrial installations in this region. The sovereignty of the rest of Czechoslovakia would be guaranteed in some manner not specified by the four conference principals.

At the conclusion of the Munich Conference, on the morning of September 30, Hitler and Chamberlain signed a joint declaration (the so-called Munich Agreement), pledging that Germany and Britain would peacefully consult whenever problems should arise between them. It was a copy of this declaration that Chamberlain held aloft on his return to London, claiming to have secured "peace with honour" and "peace for our time."

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