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|  Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Albert Arnold Gore Jr. |
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| Albert Arnold Gore Jr. was born in Washington, D.C., to a prominent political family from Tennessee (his father was a senator). He graduated from Harvard University in 1969 and served in Vietnam. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1976 and then won a seat in the Senate in 1984. In Congress, Gore became noted for championing environmental issues. |
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| Term Paper on Albert Gore » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Anthony Lake: Biography |
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| Anthony Lake was a national security advisor under President William J. Clinton who formulated the administration’s policy toward the Bosnian Conflict. Lake was born in New York City and graduated from Harvard University in 1961. He went to work for the State Department in 1962. In 1969, Lake was appointed as a special assistant to National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. He earned a doctorate from Princeton University in 1974. From 1977 to 1981, Lake was the director of policy planning in the State Department. After the election of Ronald W. Reagan, Lake became a professor at Amherst College and later at Mount Holyoke. |
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| Term Paper on Anthony Lake » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on M. Brian Mulroney |
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| Mulroney was a prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993 who formed close working relationships with American presidents Ronald W. Reagan and George H. W. Bush and closely aligned Canadian foreign policy with that of the United States. Martin Brian Mulroney was born in Baie-Comeau, Quebec. He graduated with honors from St. Francis Xavier University in 1959 and then earned a law degree from Laval University in 1964. Through the 1970s, Mulroney served in a variety of commercial firms and became well known for his efforts to combat corruption. |
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| Term Paper on Brian Mulroney » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Condoleezza Rice: Biography |
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| Condoleezza Rice was the first female national security advisor and second female secretary of state of the United States. Rice was born in Birmingham, Alabama, in the still-segregated South. She received a master’s degree from Notre Dame University in 1975 and worked for the State Department during the James E. Carter administration. Rice returned to academia, earned a doctorate from the University of Denver, and had a distinguished career at Stanford University. She served on the National Security Council during the administration of George H. W. Bush and became the foreign policy advisor for George W. Bush during his presidential campaign in 2000. Once in office, Bush appointed Rice as his national security advisor. |
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| Term Paper on Condoleezza Rice » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney |
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| After a long career in public service, Cheney became one of the most influential vice presidents in American history and exerted a significant influence on U.S. foreign policy in the administration of George W. Bush. Richard Bruce “Dick” Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He earned bachelor’s (1965) and master’s (1969) degrees in political science from the University of Wyoming. He legally avoided service in the Vietnam War through a series of draft deferments. In 1969, Cheney was hired as a special assistant to Donald Rumsfeld in the Office of Economic Opportunity. In 1974, he was appointed to President Gerald R. Ford’s transition team after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon. A year later, Cheney became the youngest White House chief of staff. |
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| Term Paper on Dick Cheney » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Donald H. Rumsfeld |
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| Rumsfeld was a secretary of defense under President George W. Bush, 2001-2006, who played a major, and often controversial, role in shaping U.S. security policy in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks. Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born in Chicago. He graduated from Princeton University in 1954 and then entered the navy, serving as a pilot and flight instructor. He was discharged from active duty in 1957, but remained in the Naval Reserve until 1989, when he retired with the rank of captain. |
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| Term Paper on Donald Rumsfeld » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Ehud Barak: Biography |
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| Ehud Barak was a Prime minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001. Barak was born Ehud Brog in the then British colony of Palestine. He joined the Israeli military in 1959 and became one of the most decorated soldiers in Israeli history. Barak rose through the ranks to become the chief of the general staff and the highest-ranking Israeli soldier. Barak's political career began in 1995, when he was appointed minister of the interior. He subsequently served as foreign minister and was elected to the Knesset in 1996. That year he also became leader of the Labor Party. On 17 May 1999, Barak was elected prime minister. |
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| Term Paper on Ehud Barak » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz |
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| Fidel Castro was a leader of Cuba from 1959 until 2006, when he transferred power to his brother Raul. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz was born in the Oriente Province, Cuba. He became involved in revolutionary politics as a student at the University of Havana in the 1940s. Castro formed an underground organization and attempted to overthrow Cuban dictator Gen. Fulgencio Batista. He was briefly imprisoned in 1953–1955 and then went into exile in Mexico. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Francois Mitterrand: Biography |
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| Francois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand was born in Jarnac, France. In 1938 he joined the French Army and fought in World War II, where he was wounded and later captured by the Nazis. He escaped and became part of the Resistance. In 1946, he was elected to the National Assembly and subsequently appointed to a number of government offices, including minister of veteran affairs and interior minister. In 1965, he was the candidate of the United Left in the presidential elections. In the 1972 balloting, Mitterrand came in a close second with 49.2 percent. He finally won the presidency in 1982. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Lord Robertson |
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| Baron Robertson of Port Ellen was the tenth secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1999–2003, who oversaw the first invocation of Article 5 (the collective security clause of NATO) in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks. |
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| Term Paper on George Robertson » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Helmut Kohl: Biography |
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| Helmut Kohl was the longest-serving German chancellor since Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898). Kohl was the leader who presided over German reunification at the end of the Cold War and was also instrumental in the transformation of the European Community into the European Union. Kohl was born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany. As a college student, he joined the Christian Democratic Union (Christlich Demokratische Union, CDU). In 1958, he received a doctorate in politics from the University of Heidelberg. Kohl was elected chair of the local CDU, a position he held until 1969. Meanwhile, in 1960, he was elected to the city council of Ludwigshafen. Three years later, he became a deputy in the state legislature. In 1969, Kohl was chosen as the deputy for the national CDU, and four years later, he became chairman of the national party. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Hosni Mubarak: Biography |
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| Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak was born in the Al Monufiyah Governorate, Egypt, and earned a degree in military sciences from the Egyptian Military Academy in 1949. He joined the air force and held a variety of appointments, including chief of staff and air chief marshal. In 1975, he was appointed vice president of Egypt. Following the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981, Mubarak became president of the country and leader of the ruling National Democratic Party (NDP). He was reelected president on four occasions in balloting that was marred by government interference. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Hugo Rafael Chavez |
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| Hugo Chavez is a president of Venezuela since 1998, basedon a populist campaign, and subsequently as a leading global critic of U.S. foreign policy. Hugo Rafael Chavez was the son of school teachers. He graduated from Venezuela’s Academy of Military Sciences in 1975 and was commissioned a lieutenant in the national army. Chavez served in counterinsurgency units and as an instructor at the Academy of Military Sciences. He also became an ardent devotee of “Bolivarianism,” a blend of the liberation philosophy of Simon Bolivar (1783–1830) with contemporary Marxism. In 1983, Chavez founded the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement 200 (Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200, MBR-200), a political group whose name commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of Bolivar. MBR-200’s goals were centered on the implementation of Bolivarianism. The group attracted followers in the Venezuelan military. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Saddam Hussein |
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| Hussein was the president of Iraq from 1979 until he was deposed in 2003 by American-led forces during the Iraq War. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majidida al-Tikriti was born in Al-Awja, near Tikrit, Iraq. In 1957, he joined the opposition Ba'ath Party. Following the overthrow of the monarchy, Saddam was part of a U.S.-backed plot to overthrow the revolutionary regime. In 1963, after the Ba'athists took control of the government, Saddam returned to Iraq, but was imprisoned for three years. In 1969, he became a deputy to the president and was appointed a general in the Iraqi military. Saddam promoted economic modernization and expanded social services, funded by oil revenues. His staunch anticommunism and opposition to fundamentalist Islam resulted in American support for Saddam when he seized power in 1979. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on James A. Baker III |
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| James Baker was a U.S. secretary of state, secretary of the treasury, and White House chief of staff. Born in Houston, Texas, James Addison Baker III graduated from Princeton University in 1952 and then joined the Marine Corps. After his discharge, he entered the law school at the University of Texas in Austin, where he earned a doctorate in 1957. Baker entered politics as a close friend of George H. W. Bush and later managed Bush's campaign for the Senate, Gerald R. Ford's bid for the presidency, and in 1980, Bush's presidential campaign. When Ronald W. Reagan became president in 1981, Baker was named chief of staff at the White House, where he oversaw the 1981 legislation that reformed the U.S. tax code. In 1985, he was named to the cabinet as secretary of the treasury. He was instrumental in initiating a policy of fair trade designed to level the economic playing field by punishing unfair trade practices. After the election of Bush in 1988, Baker was named secretary of state, a post he held until 1992. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Jiang Zemin: Biography |
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| Jiang Zemin was a President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1993 to 2003 who oversaw a period of rapid economic growth and expanding global influence. Jiang developed a close relationship with U.S. president William J. Clinton. Jiang Zemin was born in Yangzhou and trained as a mechanical engineer, although he entered government service and rose to become minister of electronic industries in 1983. He later became mayor of Shanghai. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests, Jiang emerged as a compromise candidate to be general secretary of the Communist Party who was seen as neither too liberal nor too reactionary. Jiang initially adopted a policy of cautious political and economic reforms. In 1992, he accelerated the pace of economic restructuring and embraced a model that combined free-market principles and continued government control of some sectors of the economy. Under Jiang, the PRC's economy grew by an average of 8 percent per year. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr. |
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| Carter was a thirty-ninth president of the United States (1977–1981), who subsequently emerged as an international diplomat promoting democracy and a range of charitable causes. James Earl “Jimmy” Carter Jr. was born in Plains, Georgia, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1946. Carter, a Democrat, served in the Georgia legislature before being elected governor of the state in 1970. He was elected president in 1976. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on John Mark Deutch |
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| John Deutch was a director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1995-1996. John Mark Deutch was born in Brussels, Belgium, and moved to the United States as a child. He earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1961 and a doctorate in chemistry in 1966 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He subsequently joined the faculty of the university as a chemistry professor. From 1977 to 1980, Deutch worked for the Department of Energy, rising to undersecretary of the department. During the administrations of Ronald W. Reagan and George H. W. Bush, Deutch was appointed to a range of government committees, including the President's Commission on Strategic Forces (1983) and the President's Intelligence Advisory Board (1990-1993). |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on John Forbes Kerry |
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| John Forbes Kerry earned a degree in political science from Yale University in 1966 and served in Vietnam in 1968–1969, where he was wounded and decorated for bravery. Upon his return from Vietnam, Kerry became a leader of the antiwar movement. In 1984, he was elected to the Senate. Kerry developed a reputation as one of the more liberal members of the Senate and opposed many of the foreign policy actions of the administration of President Ronald W. Reagan. Kerry supported the 1989 invasion of Panama in Operation Just Cause, but opposed military action in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He also supported free trade initiatives such as the North American Free Trade Agreement. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on John Sidney McCain |
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| John Sidney McCain was born on American territory in the Panama Canal Zone. He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1958 and became a pilot. During the Vietnam War, McCain was a prisoner of war (POW) from 1967 to 1973. He retired from the navy in 1981 and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona the next year. In 1986, he was elected to the Senate, following the retirement of conservative icon Barry Goldwater (1909-1998). McCain quickly established a reputation as a maverick who voted on principle rather than following the party line. He was a staunch supporter of the military and a moderate on social issues. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Junichiro Koizumi: Biography |
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| Prime minister of Japan from 2001 to 2006 and a staunch ally of the United States in the war on terror, Koizumi was born in Yokosuka. In 1970, he became a staffer to the minister of finance, and two years later he was elected to the Diet. After a variety of posts in the Diet, Koizumi was appointed health and welfare minister in 1988. In the 1990s, he became one of the leaders of the reformist faction of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). In 1995 and 1999, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the presidency of the LDP, but in April 2001, he was elected LDP leader and subsequently became prime minister. Koizumi undertook a series of domestic initiatives to enhance the Japanese economy, including reductions in subsidies for industries, banking reforms, and the privatization of state entities such as Japan Post. He was able to attract urban voters to the LDP, but alienated some of the party's traditional rural base. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Kofi Annan: Secretary-General of the UN |
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| Seventh secretary-general of the United Nations (UN), Annan was elected to lead the world body with strong support from the administration of William J. Clinton, which viewed him as a reformer who would cut corruption and inefficiency at the UN. Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana, to a prominent and influential family. He earned a degree from Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1961. The following year, he began work for the World Health Organization. In 1972, Annan earned a master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He returned to Ghana to serve in a government post, before returning to work at the UN as an assistant secretary-general in 1987. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Leslie "Les" Aspin, Jr. |
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| Leslie Aspin was a longtime member of the U.S. House of Representatives and the first secretary of defense for President William J. Clinton. Aspin was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He attended Yale University, was a Rhodes Scholar, and eventually received a doctorate in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966. He was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat from Wisconsin in 1970 and served until 1993, when he was appointed secretary of defense. Aspin's tenure at the Department of Defense was marked by controversy. He was beset by health problems and angered many conservatives by his embrace of deep cuts in defense expenditures and personnel. In addition, in December 1993, Aspin endeavored to craft a new policy toward homosexuals in the military. The resultant policy, known as "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," mandated that personnel would not be asked about their sexual orientation, but could be dismissed from the service for homosexual acts. The policy was criticized by gay rights groups for not going far enough and condemned by conservative groups for going too far. Aspin also angered conservatives by allowing women to fly combat aircraft and serve on combat ships in the navy. One result was that Aspin alienated military supporters in Congress. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Madeleine Albright: Biography |
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| Albright was born in Prague in 1937 to a Czechoslovakian diplomat who fled in 1949 to escape the Communists. The family eventually settled in the United States, and Albright graduated in 1959 from Wellesley College, before she earned a doctorate from Columbia University in 1976. She served on the National Security Council from 1979 to 1981 in the administration of James E. Carter. In 1993, she was appointed ambassador to the United Nations (UN) by President William J. Clinton. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev |
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| Gorbachev was a leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1985 to 1991. He instituted a range of reforms that led to the end of the Cold War and oversaw the transition of U.S.-Soviet relations from enemies to partners in the international system. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born near Stavropol and earned a degree in law from Moscow State University in 1952. As a youth, he was an active supporter of the Communist Party, and he joined the party after college. His first significant appointment was as the first secretary of the Communist Youth League in Stavropol (1955-1958). Gorbachev went on to serve in a variety of government positions. He became a member of the Central Committee in 1971 and the Politburo in 1979. In the Politburo, he attracted the attention of Soviet leader Yuri Andropov. The premier tasked Gorbachev to help reform the senior ranks of the Soviet administration. One result was that many leadership positions were filled by appointees with ties to Gorbachev. This was especially important following the death of Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko, when Gorbachev was selected to be general secretary of the Communist Party and, consequently, premier of the Soviet Union. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi |
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| Muammar Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi is the longtime dictator of Libya who was a vehement opponent of the United States until the 2000s. Gaddafi became an officer in the Libyan military in 1966. He was part of a military coup that overthrew the country's monarchy in 1969. Gaddafi emerged as the leader of the country and embarked on a domestic program in which he tried to combine Arab nationalism and government control of major industries, a program he termed "Islamic socialism." His dictatorial regime brutally suppressed dissent, but used proceeds from energy exports to increase social spending. Gaddafi supported pan-Arabism and endorsed several failed initiatives to create federations of states with Libya, Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia. The Libyan leader also provided arms and funds to a range of Arab nationalist organizations. He was one of the most important backers of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Nancy P. Pelosi |
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| Nancy Pelosi was the first woman to lead a major U.S. political party in Congress and the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives. Born Nancy Patricia D’Alesandro in Baltimore, Maryland, she moved to San Francisco after she married. Pelosi was elected to the House of Representatives in 1987. |
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| Term Paper on Nancy Pelosi » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela |
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| Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944 and was subsequently imprisoned for 27 years for his resistance to the regime. While incarcerated, Mandela's stature grew, and he became the symbolic leader of the ANC. He repeatedly refused offers of amnesty in return for renunciation of the ANC's armed struggle. Mandela was also offered freedom if he would publicly recognize the apartheid regime's four black home lands and settle in one, the Transkei; he refused the deal. He was released from prison on 11 February 1990. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Who is Osama Bin Laden? |
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| Osama Muhammad Awad bin Laden was one of the founders and leaders of the Al Qaeda terrorist organization. He was born in Riyadh to a wealthy Saudi Arabian family, the 17th of more than 50 children. Bin Laden studied economics and business administration at King Abdulaziz University, but failed to obtain a degree. He became attracted to fundamentalist Islam and, meanwhile, inherited millions following his father's death in 1968. |
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| Term Paper on Osama bin Laden » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Pervez Musharraf: Biography |
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| Seyd Pervez Musharraf was born in Delhi, India, but immigrated to Pakistan with his family after partition in 1947. He was commissioned into the Pakistani military and rose rapidly, becoming the army chief of staff in 1998. He led Pakistani forces during the 1999 Kargil War following the India and Pakistan nuclear tests. |
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| Term Paper on Pervez Musharraf » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Colin Powell |
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| Powell was born in New York to Jamaican immigrant parents. He earned a degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and was commissioned in the U.S. Army. Powell served two tours in Vietnam and was wounded and decorated for bravery. He subsequently served in a variety of military and politico-military posts. In 1987, Powell, then a lieutenant general, was appointed national security advisor to President Ronald W. Reagan. Promoted to general, Powell was named chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by President George H. W. Bush. As chairman, he continued the transformation of the U.S. military from its Cold War strategy and posture. Powell oversaw the 1989 invasion of Panama, designated Operation Just Cause, and the Persian Gulf War. The general deftly managed a broad-based military coalition of states with differing capabilities and goals. Powell refined the Weinberger Doctrine to create the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine (commonly known as the Powell Doctrine), which emphasized the use of overwhelming force and a clearly defined exit strategy. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Vladimir Putin |
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| Vladimir Putin was the president of Russia who strengthened the powers of the presidency and endeavored to use the country's energy wealth to maintain Russia's global influence. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin was born in St. Petersburg (then Leningrad). He graduated from Leningrad State University in 1975 and joined the Soviet secret police, the KGB. He was stationed in East Germany for five years, beginning in 1985, and was exposed to the lifestyle and culture of the West through his activities. The experience undermined his faith in the Soviet government, especially during the collapse of East Germany. In 1990, Putin returned to Russia and was appointed dean for international affairs at Leningrad State University. He resigned from the KGB during the abortive Soviet coup of 1991. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Yitzhak Rabin |
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| Yitzhak Rabin was a prime minister of Israel in 1974-1977 and 1992-1995, under whose leadership significant progress was made in developing a framework for peace in the Arab-Israeli conflict. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Ronald Reagan |
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| Ronald Reagan was the fortieth president of the United States, 1981-1989, who implemented a series of policies that led to the end of the Cold War. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, and graduated from Eureka College in 1932. He had a film career that spanned nearly 30 years and 50 movies. In 1962, Reagan joined the Republican Party because of opposition to the social programs and national security policies of the Democratic Party. Elected governor of California in 1966, he was dubbed the "Great Communicator" due to his speaking proficiency and ability to elucidate grand themes in a way that resonated with the American people. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke |
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| Richard Holbrooke was an American diplomat who helped broker the Dayton Accords and later served as the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN). Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke was born in New York. He graduated from Brown University in 1962 and joined the diplomatic service as a representative for the U.S. Agency for International Development. Holbrooke subsequently held a number of posts, including member of the U.S. delegation at the Paris Peace Talks over the Vietnam War (1967-1969), director of the Peace Corps in Morocco (1970), and assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific Affairs (1977-1981). |
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| Term Paper on Richard Holbrooke » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Samuel "Sandy" Berger |
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| Samuel R. Berger was a National security advisor for President William J. Clinton from 1997 to 2001. Berger was born in Sharon, Connecticut. He graduated from Cornell University in 1967 and then earned a law degree from Harvard University in 1971. He worked on the presidential campaign of George McGovern in 1972, where he met and became lifelong friends with Clinton. Berger joined a prestigious Washington law firm in 1973, served as the deputy director for policy planning from 1977 to 1980, and then returned to private practice. |
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| Term Paper on Sandy Berger » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Gerhard Schroder |
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| Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schroder was born in Mossenberg, Lower Saxony. He graduated from the University of Gottingen with a law degree in 1971. While a youth, Schroder joined the Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) and rose through the ranks to become the leader of the SPD's youth organization. He was elected to the Bundestag in 1980 and to the state legislature of Lower Saxony in 1986. After the 1990 elections, he became the state's leader through a coalition between the SPD and the Green Party. Schroder's position made him a member of the executive board of the SPD. In 1998, he was chosen as the party's candidate to be chancellor. Following the balloting, the SPD and the Greens formed a coalition government, and Schroder became the leader of Germany. In 1999, he also was appointed party chief of the SPD. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Arnold Schwarzenegger |
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| Schwarzenegger, a former bodybuilder and actor, was elected governor of California in a special recall election in 2003. Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria, and rose to international fame as a body builder. He moved to the United States in 1968 and won four Mr. Universe and seven Mr. Olympia titles. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on H. Norman Schwarzkopf |
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| Norman Schwarzkopf, a popular U.S. career military officer, led the coalition forces during the Persian Gulf War. Schwarzkopf was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1956 and was commissioned in the army (he later earned a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Southern California in 1964). Schwarzkopf served in the Vietnam War and held a variety of commands in the military. In 1983, he commanded the ground forces during the invasion of Grenada. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Ariel Sharon |
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| Born Ariel Scheinermann in Kfar Malal, while Palestine was still a British Colony, at age 14 he joined a Hebrew paramilitary organization, becoming an officer in the Israeli Defense Forces after independence in 1948. Sharon had a distinguished military career, rising to the rank of general. He was wounded on several occasions and was decorated for bravery. He commanded troops during the 1956 Suez Canal invasion, the 1967 Six-Day War, and the 1973 Yom Kippur War. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Silvio Berlusconi: Biography |
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| Berlusconi, a two-time prime minister of Italy, including a term from 2001 to 2005 that made him the longest-serving Italian leader since World War II. Berlusconi's tenure was marked by close relations with the United States, including support for Operation Enduring Freedom and the U.S.-led military action during the Iraq War. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Slobodan Milosevic: Biography |
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| Slobodan Milosevic was a President of Yugoslavia during the Balkan Wars. He was indicted for crimes against humanity for his role in the genocide in Bosnia and Kosovo, but died during his trial at The Hague. Milosevic was born in Serbia during World War II. He attended the University of Belgrade, where he was the leader of the ideology committee of the student Communist Party. In 1960, he became an advisor to the mayor of Belgrade. He went to work for a local company in 1968, before becoming the head of Yugoslavia's largest bank in 1978. In this position, he traveled frequently to Europe and the United States and developed numerous contacts with Western leaders. In 1986, he was elected to lead the Communist Party in Belgrade. Within a year, Milosevic was one of the most important figures in Serbian politics. In 1988, he was able to force the Serbian president to resign and take his place. As president, Milosevic used nationalism to enhance public support and, in 1989, rescinded the autonomy of provinces such as Kosovo, which was populated mainly by ethnic Albanians. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Javier Solana |
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| Solana was the ninth secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the first Spaniard to serve in that capacity, who oversaw a series of dramatic changes and growth in the alliance. Francisco Javier Solana Madariaga was born in Madrid to a prominent family. He studied in Spain and then earned a doctorate in physics at the University of Virginia in 1968. Solana's early career was in academia, and he taught at institutions in the United States and Europe. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Stephen John Hadley |
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| Stephen John Hadley was born in Toledo, Ohio. He received a bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1969 and a law degree from Yale University in 1972. Hadley served in the office of the comptroller of the Department of Defense from 1972 to 1974 and was then appointed as a staff member of the National Security Council in the administration of President Gerald R. Ford. He was recalled to government service during the administration of Ronald W. Reagan as a counsel during the Iran-Contra crisis. From 1989 to 1993, Hadley served as the assistant secretary of defense for international policy, responsible for U.S. policy toward the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Western Europe. Hadley also developed recommendations on arms control policy and advised Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney during negotiations on the first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I). |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Haji Mohammad Suharto |
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| Suharto was born in Godean, in the Dutch colony of Java. He joined the colonial army in 1940, but fought against the Dutch after World War II. He became an officer in the national military following independence and rose to the rank of major general in 1962. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on George J. Tenet |
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| Tenet was a director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1997 to 2005, who shared the blame for the intelligence failures that led to the September 11 terrorist attacks and subsequently oversaw reforms in the CIA as part of the broader reorganization of the U.S. intelligence community. George John Tenet was born to Greek immigrant parents in Flushing, Queens, in New York City. He earned a bachelor's degree from Georgetown University in 1976 and a master's degree from Columbia University two years later. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Margaret Thatcher |
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| Margaret Thatcher, British prime minister from 1979 to 1990, was the first female prime minister of Great Britain and the longest-serving British government chief since the 1800s. Thatcher was born Margaret Hilda Roberts in Grantham, Lincolnshire, to a lower-middle-class family. She graduated from Oxford University in 1951 with a degree in chemistry. Thatcher was active in conservative politics while still a student. She unsuccessfully ran for Parliament twice (when she ran in 1950, she was the youngest female candidate to seek office). She later trained as a lawyer and became a barrister in 1953. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Tony Blair: Biography |
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| A staunch ally of successive American presidents, Blair ensured the continuation of the "special relationship" between the United States and Great Britain. Blair won his first parliamentary seat as a Labour candidate in 1983 and then became leader of the party in 1994. Three years later, Blair led the Labour Party to victory in its first electoral win in nearly two decades and became the youngest prime minister of the 20th century. Blair's foreign policy rested on efforts to both improve relations with the European Union (EU) and maintain Britain's strong ties with the United States. He endorsed the creation of a stronger European Security and Defense Identity and deeper economic integration with the EU. Blair was also a strong supporter of EU expansion. He worked closely with President William J. Clinton to maintain sanctions on Iraq, and the British continued to supply forces to enforce the no-fly zones in the country. The two leaders also cooperated over the North Atlantic Treaty Organization–led air campaign in Kosovo, although Blair unsuccessfully advocated for the early use of ground forces. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Warren Christopher: Biography |
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| Warren Christopher was a secretary of state in the first administration of President William J. Clinton. Christopher graduated from the University of Southern California in 1945 and was then commissioned as a naval officer. He earned a law degree from Stanford University in 1949. Christopher held in a variety of government posts, including deputy attorney general in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was also deputy secretary of state under James E. Carter. Following the 1992 elections, Christopher led the transition team of Clinton before his appointment as secretary of state. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on William J. Perry |
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| Second secretary of defense in the administration of William J. Clinton, William James Perry was born in Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, and received a doctorate in mathematics from Pennsylvania State University in 1957. Perry had a successful career in business before he was appointed as undersecretary of defense in the administration of President James E. Carter. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Paul D. Wolfowitz |
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| Paul Wolfowitz was a president of the World Bank since 2005 till 2007, after serving in a variety of government and academic posts. Wolfowitz was instrumental in formulating the Bush Doctrine and was a staunch proponent of military action against the regime of Saddam Hussein. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Manfred Worner |
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| Manfred Worner was a secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) during the final days of the Cold War and the uncertain period immediately following the end of the superpower struggle. A former defense minister, Worner was the first German to serve as NATO leader. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Arafat: The Leader of the PLO |
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| Yasser Arafat was the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the first president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Arafat was born in Cairo to Palestinian exiles, but moved to Jerusalem when he was five. He became a Palestinian nationalist and briefly served in the Egyptian Army. In 1959, he formed the Fatah Movement, which came to dominate the PLO. Arafat became the leader of the PLO in 1969. The following year, after the PLO was forced out of Jordan, Arafat located the organization in Lebanon and became involved in that country's civil war, while continuing to wage a terrorist campaign against Israel. In 1982, the United States and other Western powers negotiated safe passage for Arafat to Tunis during the Israeli invasion. Throughout the 1980s, Arafat survived repeated Israeli efforts to kill him. In 1988, he proclaimed an independent Palestinian state and began to transition the official PLO stance from the destruction of Israel to a two-state solution. |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Boris Yeltsin |
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| Boris Yeltsin was Russia's first post-Communist leader, serving as president from 1991 to 1999. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was born in Butka, Sverdlovsk, in 1931. An athletic youth, Yeltsin graduated from Ural Polytechnic Institute in 1955 with a degree in construction. He joined the Communist Party in 1961 and became the head of construction and engineering for the regional party committee in 1968. In 1976, Yeltsin became first secretary of the party's regional committee for Sverdlovsk. He developed a reputation as a reformer and caught the attention of Mikhail Gorbachev. |
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