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Free Online Custom Essays, Research Papers, Admission Essays, Thesis, College Papers, English Papers, Analyzed Essays, Essay Papers, Non-Plagiarized Essays, Term Papers, Coursework Essays, Custom Papers
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|  Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on AIDS in the Developing World |
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| The vast majority of persons with HIV and AIDS do not live in the United States—about only one in twenty-two persons did in 1996. They live mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Many also live in Latin America, the Caribbean, the Pacific region, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, and Canada. While the great majority of persons with HIV/AIDS live in the developing world, only about 1 percent of the world’s economic resources that go to combat AIDS and support HIV prevention programs are spent there. By 1996, 5.8 million people, including 1.3 million children, died of AIDS in the world. By the end of 1997, the United Nations estimated that only one in ten of the 30.6 million people infected with HIV knew that they were infected. |
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| Term Paper on AIDS » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on The Ethics of Abortion |
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| For at least twenty years now, the issue of abortion has grown increasingly difficult. Few issues have more thoroughly fragmented contemporary society. Operation Rescue and Rescue America, large anti-abortion organizations, have organized thousands of protest actions against clinics that perform or refer for abortions, against physicians who perform abortions, and against organizations that even indirectly are supportive of the practice of abortion. The people in these anti-abortion groups act with the fervor of absolute moral conviction. Likewise, women and men with equal fervor vow they will not allow abortion again to become a "back alley" activity requiring women to risk their fives to obtain what should be a safe and simple surgical procedure. So far as one can estimate such things apart from individual personal convictions, sincerity and integrity appear in equal measure on both sides. |
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| Term Paper on Abortion » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on What is Addiction? |
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| People who are addicted often say: "I'm not addicted; I only drink on weekends." Others say: "I can't be an addict; I only smoke marijuana, and you can't get addicted to marijuana." Still others claim: "I'm not an addict; I don't use nearly as much as she does!" Many people mistakenly believe that addiction relates primarily to how frequently the drug is being used, what type of drug is being used, the amount of drug being consumed, or how long a drug has been used. Although these are important factors, they do not define addiction.
Rather, addiction can be described as a progressive, chronic, primary disease that is characterized by compulsion, loss of control, continued drug use despite adverse consequences, and distortions in normal thinking, such as denial. To understand addiction, it is important to explore each of these issues. |
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| Term Paper on Addiction » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Aging and the Family |
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| This essay summarizes these recent developments in the study of aging and the family and discusses their implications for the family relations of the men and women who will be entering old age in the near future. I will try to be wideranging in my discussion, but it is impossible to consider all aspects of a topic in a short treatment such as this. Of necessity, the presentation will be limited in several ways. |
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| Term Paper on Aging » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease |
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| Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition that impairs the brain's functioning. Symptoms of the illness represent deficits in many areas of how a person remembers and thinks. For instance, problems with memory may be manifested as forgetting names, dates, places, whether a bill has been paid, or something said over and over. Intellectual abilities are lost eventually. Reasoning with the affected person is no longer a successful way to understand and deal with his or her problems. Judgment about everyday situations is drastically diminished. Capacity for verbal expression gradually declines and the person with AD cannot comprehend what others say to him. As the disease progresses, he may gradually lose the ability to speak. Psychiatric symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations can occur. The person can become anxious, restless, agitated, and may even appear to be depressed. His personality will change. In fact, he may not seem to be the same person. |
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| Term Paper on Alzheimer's Disease » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on American Health Care System |
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| ...The first phase started in the mid-nineteenth century, when the first large hospitals, such as Bellevue Hospital in Boston, began to prosper. The development of the hospitals symbolized the institutionalization of health care for the first time in the United States. The second significant historical phase began around the turn of the century with the introduction of the scientific method into medicine. |
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| Term Paper on American Health Care System » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders |
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| The anxiety disorders (as well as depression) can best be understood in terms of the functioning of the total organism rather than as a singleetiology disease, such as herpes or measles. The specific groups of symptoms associated with anxiety, for example, correspond to the functions of specific primal systems and subsystems (cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological), which are integrated into the master system--namely, the psychobiological or organismic totality. These component systems are not isolated from each other, and their operations are generally coordinated and integrated by the master system. The master system is designed to carry out certain objectives (such as self-preservation, feeding, or breeding), and the specific systems operate together to implement that "master plan." These objectives are labeled "adaptational" in that they are derived from evolutionary principles relevant to survival of a particular lineage in a given environment. |
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| Term Paper on Anxiety Disorders » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Attention Deficit Disorder: Clinical Issues |
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| There have been a wide variety of terms used to describe the children we now refer to as suffering from attention deficit disorder (ADD). The original minimal brain dysfunction, MBD, concept of Clements and Peters ( 1962) has evolved to the behavioral description ADDH (American Psychiatric Association's DSM-III ( 1980) and revised to ADHD in DSM-III-R from 1987. A person suffering from ADD often fails to finish things started, often does not seem to listen, is easily distracted, has difficulty concentrating on tasks requiring sustained attention, has problems with sticking to an activity, often acts before thinking, has difficulty awaiting turn, shifts excessively from one activity to another, has difficulty organizing work; and, may be hyperactive. These behavioral categories are to some extent overlapping and the symptoms vary from person to person. |
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| Term Paper on Attention Deficit Disorder » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Autistic Disorder |
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| Although some people may still believe in the psychogenic hypothesis of autistic disorder (autism), most authorities in the field of autism agree that neurobiological factors are of crucial importance in terms of causes of autism. An important piece of evidence that supports the neurobiological hypothesis is the association of mental retardation with autism: About three out of four individuals with autism also have lower cognitive functioning (i.e., mental retardation), which generally indicates some serious damage or dysfunction of the brain. In addition to the presence of global mental retardation, certain neurological abnormalities have been reported in 30% to 75% of several groups of individuals with autism (reviewed by Tsai, 1999). Furthermore, the majority of the individuals with autism have severe impairment in speech and language development which reflects damage or dysfunction of certain brain structure or of the neurological system. However, despite strong evidence pointing to a neurobiological etiology of autism, the exact cause (s) and nature of the basic defect remain unclear. |
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| Term Paper on Autism » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Cocaine Addiction |
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| Cocaine now went underground, much as alcohol did (Ray, 1978 ; Spotts and Shontz, 1980). Unlike alcohol use, however, cocaine use was not widespread and appeared to be limited to those defined as bohemians, such as musicians and artists, or to affluent members of certain minorities (Sabbag, 1976). Those who used the drug were linked by the media with groups seen as threatening the social fabric, especially African Americans and foreigners (Young, 1987). The drug remained underground for decades. By the 1930s amphetamines were seen as a cheaper and longer-acting substitute. By the 1950s the federal government was claiming success in the war on recreational drugs, at least with regard to cocaine (Das, 1993 ; Musto, 1992). Even its surgical use was curtailed during the 1920s as a result of the development and introduction of newer, longer-lasting anesthetics (Spotts and Shontz, 1980). |
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| Term Paper on Cocaine » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Deaf Children Development |
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| Theoretical and empirical discussions of deaf children's development, like developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at-large, frequently focus on the nature of observed or hypothesized relationships between pairs of closely related domains. Within developmental psychology, for example, such comparisons include the relationships of language and cognition (e.g., Bates, 1979; Bates, Benigni, Bretherton, Camaioni, & Volterra, 1977; Macnamara, 1977), cognition and experience ( Bronowski & Bellugi, 1970; Piaget, 1963), and language and experience ( Halliday, 1975; Nelson, 1973). Within the area of deaf children's development, there have been specific, empirical evaluations of the relationships between early social behavior and language development (e.g., Lederberg, 1991; MacKay-Soroka, Trehub, & Thorpe, 1987), social and cognitive development ( Greenberg & Kusche, 1987), early language and prelinguistic communication (Caselli, 1990; Meier & Newport, 1990; Petitto, 1988), and social and personality development ( Greenberg & Kusché, 1987; Schlesinger & Meadow, 1972). In the contexts of both these broader and more specific modes of investigation, our understanding of deaf children's development has been furthered by comparisons among different groups of deaf children (varying, for example, in the hearing status of their parents or their modes of communication) and by comparisons between groups of deaf and hearing children. |
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| Term Paper on Deafness » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Drug Addiction |
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| Addiction is not merely the chronic use of a drug. Addiction involves the compulsion to use drugs, a loss of control over the time and amount of drug use, and continued drug use despite negative consequences. These adverse consequences may include impairment in physical, cognitive, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual health. From a medical perspective, addiction is characterized as a chronic, progressive, relapsing, and potentially fatal disease. The development and progression of addictive disease can be influenced by a number of factors, such as the type and strength of the drug, the route of administration, various individual risk factors, and assorted environmental influences. Understanding the basic principles of drug use is an important step in understanding addiction. |
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| Term Paper on Drug Abuse » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Prevention of Eating Disorders |
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| Is primary prevention of eating disorders in general, and of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in particular, a nice, but unrealistic wish? The drive to diminish human suffering and prevent a fatal outcome of eating disorders is laudable. However, over time, professional opinions have oscillated between unrealistic optimism and fatalism.
Many children, and girls in particular, believe that thinness is important to attractiveness, academic and social success, and a happy life in general. Even small children believe that fat is undesirable (Smolak & Levine, 1996). For instance, girls prefer thin rather than fat dolls, and 50% of girls aged 7—13 years want to lose weight despite the fact that only 4% actually are overweight (Davis & Furnham, 1986). Moreover, among girls aged 11—16, years, 15—20% may display weight and shape preoccupation as well as strict dieting (Gresko & Rosenvinge, 1998). Thinness is an important component of how attractive and desirable a woman is perceived to be (Smith et al., 1990) and physical attractiveness is more strongly associated with opposite-sex popularity for women than for men (Feingold, 1991). Excessive dieting disturbs school performance and interpersonal relations, affects general mental and physical health, and may increase the risk for developing eating disorders (Patton, 1999). Moreover, body dissatisfaction and dieting as well as diagnosable eating disorders seem to occur among still younger age groups (Bryant-Waugh & Lask, 1995). |
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| Term Paper on Eating Disorders » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Environment and Health |
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| ...Our respiratory organs, our vision, and our hearing are damaged because of the high amounts of contaminants in the air, water, and soil. A substantial number of people have conditions such as asthma, other respiratory problems or difficulties with additional organs of the body. The contaminants in the air have not only affected humans, but animals as well. The atmosphere contains a lot of dust, which travels from the surface of the Earth and, partially, from space, as strong winds pick up water particles from the seas and oceans. The small pieces of salt contained in the water are brought into the air. As a result of volcano eruptions, forest fires, industrial wastes, etc; air becomes polluted with products not completely burned. There are some basic sources of pollution of the atmosphere: industries, transportation devices, and others. |
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| Term Paper on Environment Influence on Health » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Euthanasia |
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| Euthanasia (Greek for "good death") refers to assisted dying. The assistance ends the life of a person or an animal, in a painless or minimally painful way. Euthanasia is most often performed in a merciful way, in order to end suffering. This topic is often highly-charged emotionally, politically, and morally. Terminology and laws shift over time and geographically and globally, causing a great deal of confusion. |
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| Term Paper on Euthanasia » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on The Purpose of Genetic Engineering |
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| By contributing to health care, agriculture, energy, mining, and a host of other activities, genetic engineering will make life better for human beings. So great is its potential human benefit that some will say that the purpose of the technology is to benefit humanity. Our point is not so much to dispute the claim that genetic engineering will benefit humans as to clarify some of its limitations. |
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| Term Paper on Genetic Engineering » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Health Care Policy in the United States |
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| How does one describe health care and the health care delivery system in the United States today? As recently as the early 1990s, a typical conclusion about the system was that it has been successful in achieving the most technologically advanced medical care system in the world and that most of this technology is available to affluent and middle-class consumers of health care services (Botehlo, 1991; Kronenfeld, 1993; Todd et al., 1990). Moreover, the United States has become the premier nation among all nations in the provision of high-quality, comprehensive medical education (Todd et al., 1990). Physicians come from all over the world to receive the most advanced training and learn how to use the newest medical equipment. (Kronenfeld, 1993).
Based on this glowing description of a larger, more important, and more comprehensive health care system, especially as regards technologically-oriented care, many Americans in general as well as health care experts have concluded that health care has been one of the great American success stories. People are healthier than in the past and many people receive care whenever they need it. Quality must be high and costs reasonable, or how could health care have grown into a major industry? |
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| Term Paper on Health Care Policy » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Health Education via Media |
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| It is very important to acknowledge that young people view many hours of television daily. We need to realize the importance of providing television quality multimedia to schools that not only is entertaining but are curriculum based. For today's children, who have been raised on television, traditional textbooks, chalkboards, and lectures can be boring. Interactive multimedia can motivate a student to respond and learn.
Through multimedia programming, students, regardless of learning styles, can access accurate information that is created in the style of the television shows they are accustomed to watching. This means the visuals are engaging and catch the attention of the students, accommodate short attention spans, and can be accessed repeatedly by the students in order to master the material before moving on. The ability to access visually compelling materials that are personally involving, enhances the learning process. |
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| Term Paper on Health Education » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Health Psychology: Stress and Breast Cancer |
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| A major theme in research on health and behavior has the impact of stress on the pathophysiology of disease and development of systemic dysfunction. Stress appears to be a major factor in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, AIDS, and several other chronic and/or life threatening illnesses. For disease states produced by years of slowly developing pathogenie conditions, this means identifying stressors and processes experienced over very long periods of time. This daunting task has made conclusions about stress and disease in humans tentative, and this literature requires cautious reading and interpretation. Nevertheless, research has produced suggestive evidence of the role of stress in a wide array of disease processes, including cancer. A growing area of investigation concerns stress as an etiological factor in breast cancer. |
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| Term Paper on Health Psychology » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Medicine and the Renaissance |
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| In Renaissance as in medieval Europe, naturalistic medicine, whether practised by physicians, surgeons, or village herbalists, took its place in a loosely integrated system of healing that also included religious and magical approaches. This complex world of health care was embodied in a remarkable variety of sites of practice and types of practitioner, especially in the larger cities. All over Europe, however, the primary place where the sick were treated was the home, and the principal nurses and healers, as numerous illustrations and medical texts testify, were the women of the household--mothers, daughters, wives, and servants. Because even professional medicine blurred the lines between care and cure, the treatment given by these women resembled in many ways that prescribed by physicians: they opened and closed windows, burned aromatic substances, provided basic hygiene, prepared what they considered appropriate food and drink, and administered medicinal preparations that used many of the ingredients found on pharmacists' shelves. |
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| Term Paper on History of Medicine » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Human Experimentation |
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| Human experimentation is part of everyday medicine and surgery. All diagnostic and therapeutic procedures demand that the physician balance the danger of performing or not performing a diagnostic study or treatment against its potential benefit to the patient. Within every modality that the physician uses or does not use, uncertainty as to the result is a given. The element of doubt and danger is always present. People react differently to any given program. Because of this variable, all forms of therapy and diagnostic tests, from taking one's temperature to removing a brain tumor, are part of an ongoing human experimentation program through the accumulation of necessary data. |
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| Term Paper on Human Experimentation in Medicine » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Language Disorders in Children |
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| The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has proposed defining language disorder as an impairment in "comprehension and/or use of a spoken, written, and/or other symbol system. The disorder may involve (1) the form of language (phonologic, morphologic, and syntactic systems), (2) the content of language (semantic system), and/or (3) the function of language in communication (pragmatic system), in any combination" (1993, p. 40).
This definition is useful in that it is quite broad, covering not only spoken but also written language. However, it does not help the clinician decide just what constitutes the "impairment" in acquisition. Some definitions, such as Fey's ( 1986), emphasize the notion of a standard against which the child's performance is measured. According to Fey, a language disorder is "a significant deficit in the child's level of development of the form, content, or use of language" (p. 31). Still, the clinician needs to determine what a significant deficit is and relative to what. |
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| Term Paper on Language Disorders » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on The Decline of Leisure |
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| In the last twenty years the amount of time Americans have spent at their jobs has risen steadily. Each year the change is small, amounting to about nine hours, or slightly more than one additional day of work. In any given year, such a small increment has probably been imperceptible. But the accumulated increase over two decades is substantial. When surveyed, Americans report that they have only sixteen and a half hours of leisure a week, after the obligations of job and household are taken care of. Working hours are already longer than they were forty years ago. If present trends continue, Americans will be spending as much time at their jobs as they did back in the nineteen twenties. |
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| Term Paper on Leisure » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Cannabis Use and Misuse |
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| Between 200 and 300 million people worldwide report smoking marijuana (Woody & MacFadden, 1995). Cannabis remains the most widely consumed illicit drug in Canada (Russell, Newman, & Bland, 1994), as well as the United States. In 1999, approximately one-third of U.S. adults (76 million) reported smoking marijuana at least once. About 9% of the U.S. population reported smoking marijuana in the previous year; 5% had used in the previous month (SAMHSA, 2000). This 1999 survey did not assess weekly users, but in 1996, approximately 3% of Americans had used the drug on more than 51 days in the previous year (DHHS, 1998). More men report using the drug than women. Approximately 6.5% of the females and 10.5% of the males age 12 and over reported smoking marijuana in the previous year (Greenfield & O'Leary, 1999). |
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| Term Paper on Marijuana » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Ethical Principles in Medicine |
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| In recent times, many of those responsible for teaching ethical principles to medical students have emphasized four generally agreed basic moral obligations relevant to medical practice. This has provided a simpler framework for discussion and application of ethical principles in clinical practice. The four moral principles particularly relevant to the practice of medicine are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. |
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| Term Paper on Medical Ethics » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Medical and Surgical Education in the Developing World |
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| The developing world faces enormous challenges. Such an opening statement, however, is not intended to mislead anyone into believing that it is prudent to conceive of a developing world as if it were a single static entity with unity and well-defined boundaries. In fact, it is neither judicious nor practical to refer to a sizable portion of the earth's human population in this way. The nations that comprise the developing world are in no way homogeneous. Vast diversity exists in their cultures, religions, resources, and social systems. The idea of grouping countries implies a comparison akin to that of the proverbial apples and oranges. |
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| Term Paper on Medical and Surgical Education » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Controversy over Stem Cell Research |
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| After a human egg and sperm join in fertilization, an embryo begins to develop. By five days after conception, a hollow ball of cells has formed. The outer cell layer gives rise to the placenta. The inner 50 or so cells are known as pluripotent embryonic stem cells and go on to form the tissues of the developing embryo. Each of these embryonic stem cells can give rise to most cell types that make up an adult human body. |
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| Term Paper on Stem Cell Research » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Prevention of Substance Abuse |
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| Substance abuse is one of the most challenging problems facing society in the late 1990s. The prevalence of substance use and abuse is staggering. Alcohol consumption is commonplace, with approximately 140 million Americans using alcohol in 1995 ( Office of Applied Studies, 1995). An additional 13 million persons used illicit drugs in at least 1 month during 1994 ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995). The consequences of alcohol and drug abuse are equally disconcerting, as evidenced by the link between substance abuse and acute and chronic health problems, car-related injuries and deaths, poor work performance and attendance, psychosocial maladjustment, and involvement in criminal activity. Considerable financial expenditures also result from substance use and abuse, involving the health care system, law enforcement, the criminal justice system, and lost economic efficiency. Substance use typically emerges in adolescence. For a significant proportion of individuals, problems with drugs and alcohol will continue through adulthood. As with many social ills, treatment of affected individuals is expensive and has a limited rate of success. Accordingly, it is almost universally acknowledged that the most effective approach to decreasing substance abuse is prevention. Curtailing the full clinical expression of substance use disorders preserves resources currently allocated to treatment and other forms of intervention (e.g., law enforcement) and mitigates the harmful impact of substance abuse on individuals, families, communities, and society. |
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| Term Paper on Substance Abuse » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Transgenic Plants |
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| In 1971, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was founded. An association of 41 public and private donors, including the World Bank and the Untied Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, it supports a network of international agricultural research centers located mainly in developing countries. Over 1,600 scientists of 60 nationalities work at or for these centers, with an emphasis on developing and maintaining the long-term sustainability of agriculture which preserves the natural resource base on which farming depends. |
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| Term Paper on Transgenics » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Organ and Tissue Transplantation and Donation |
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| Where do organs come from? What kind of organs and tissues are used? What sorts of people are they coming from? Are people the only sources of organs and tissues used in transplantation? Fifty years ago these questions would be science fiction, not science. Advances in surgery, immunology, and pharmacology have made possible the transplantation of hearts, livers, kidneys, lungs, pancreases, bone marrow, skin, and corneas. Yet, along with these technological advances, society has had to explore new and often controversial sources to alleviate a scarcity of useable organs and tissues. |
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| Term Paper on Transplantation » |
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| Essay, Research Paper: Free Essay on Hunger and Malnutrition |
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| Pictures of emaciated children too weak to move evoke in most people a sense of deep social injustice. Indeed, these pictures are presented in order to incite action. Anyone who has dealt with severely malnourished children confronts with indignation society's failure to feed its children properly. But these images should evoke other questions for us as well. What are the chances for complete cognitive and socio-emotional recovery for these children? Is the supply of food alone sufficient for their recovery? What is the cause of the malnutrition? We assume that malnutrition is caused by a shortage of food. In many cases, this is the explanation, but we also see numerous examples of malnutrition affecting only one child in a family, or one family in a community of otherwise relatively well-nourished children (e.g., Dixon, LeVine, & Brazelton, 1982). Malnutrition is seen in relatively rich countries such as the United States ( Black & Dubowitz, 1991). We should therefore ask what other factors (i.e., psychological influences) may result in one child's becoming malnourished and another not. |
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| Term Paper on Undernutrition » |
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